Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) Essay

Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) - Essay Example Therefore, this exposes people, who are nearby to these bacteria, thereby increasing chances of being infected. Actually, TB bacteria are activated by the state of low immunity system in a person, who is infected. In United States, the government has made necessary strategic plans aimed at eliminating TB since 1989, which was a period that America experienced re-emergence of TB (CDC, 2005). In fact, the high prevalence of HIV contributed significantly to resurgence of TB, though there were other factors such as increased immigration of people from countries with high TB prevalence and availability of multidrug-resistant TB (CDC, 2005). On the other hand, the government has made necessary effort to improve infrastructure to facilitate control of TB in America. Therefore, this led to correction of the problem that had deteriorated, through crucial deployment of resources at a state and local levels in the country. In addition, CDC (2005) explains that effort made by American government to deal with the negative implications of TB led to a forty-four percent decrease of its prevalence during the period between 1993 and 2003. Government’s effort to deal with implications of TB is attributable to articulate national approach, which facilitated response to initial reappearance of TB (CDC, 2005). Furthermore, this effort can also be attributed to coordination of government officials in health care field at the local and state level. Nevertheless, the government has been ensuring that there are ample resources to deal with this problem; thus leading to spectacular decrease of TB cases among Americans. Nonetheless, government effort increased possibility of eliminating TB in 1999 and reaffirmation of objectives to expunge TB through America by Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) (CDC, 2005). According to a recent research by CDC (2012), there were 10,528 incidences of

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Ethics - Essay Example I think the physician made a sound and ethical decision to order a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR), which was supported by the hospital’s Optimum Care Committee (OCC). This is despite the fact that Gilgunn had wanted every possible medical action taken. The duration Gilgunn had stayed in hospital was sufficient to inform the OCC that ordering a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) would not result in her meaningful survival. The extensive brain damage she had would leave her in a state of permanent loss of consciousness. Solving legal issues associated to advance directives has its complications. The key problem is the amount of information that had been given to the patient and the surrogate at the time the decision was being made (Menikoff, Sachs, & Siegler, 1992). Like in Gilgunn’s case, she might have wanted anything possible tried, but no one had informed her and her family of the futility of the resuscitation attempts and the state it could have left her in. At the time of her death, she was not in a capacity to be told or decide. In such cases surrogates will sue without enough medical information to enable them understand why doctors could not honor the advance directives (Menikoff, Sachs, & Siegler,

The Purpose Of The Case Study Social Work Essay

The Purpose Of The Case Study Social Work Essay The purpose of the case study is to provide the student with the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to analyse and evaluate the use of a method of social work intervention with an individual, family, or group of service users, and where appropriate, the carers. Task In consultation with the practice teacher, tutor and where applicable the on-site facilitator, the student will select a situation where substantial social work intervention will be required. The student should carry out an assessment, choose an appropriate method of intervention and analyse and evaluate the subsequent use of the chosen method. In undertaking this task students must: Provide a summarised social history of the case, highlighting significant past and present events in the service users life. Demonstrate the ability to select an appropriate method of intervention and offer supporting rationale for this choice. Provide an analysis of their assessment, reflecting on the model used the knowledge base in relation to the service users situation, relevant government and agency policy and legislation. Drawing on relevant theory, analyse and evaluate the processes and outcomes of the intervention for both the service user and for themselves as a student social worker. This must include: An account of the use of interpersonal skills and how these informed and impacted on the effectiveness of practice An examination of the influence of social work values throughout the work, including AOP Present the assignment to an acceptable standard which conforms to academic conventions regarding grammar, spelling and the Harvard system for referencing cited works. Other guidelines for the case study The word limit should be no more than 4, 000 words (+/- 10%). Students muststate the exact word count on the front cover. The hand in date for the case study is before 10am on 14th May 2009. Late submissions require a formally agreed extension. The On-Line Discussion Forum Structure Students are divided into specialist tutor groups Specialist tutor groups are made up of students who are in the same/similar programme of care Each specialist tutor group is headed by a specialist tutor Details of which group students have been assigned to can be found in Appendix One Resources It is expected that students will participate in the on-line discussion forum once weekly. Please book the on-line slot into your diary (in the same way that you would your lecture attendance or a home visit). This way you are less likely to forget! Your weekly submissions will be based around a series of practical tasks to help you link your learning both from semester one and your placement with the requirements of the case study. The programme for your weekly input can be found in Appendix Two Expectations It is expected that: Students will contribute once weekly to the on-line discussion forum There is no word limit regarding student contributions on-line but it is expected that they will be concise contributions addressing the pre-set tasks and that these should act as an aide memoir to your case study Each submission should not take longer than 15 minutes to complete Students can visit the discussion forum whenever they wish and can make more than one weekly contribution if they wish  · In order to preserve confidentiality the on-line discussions MUST avoid references to peoples names, locations, and other specific details by which an individual might be identified (e.g. chronological histories detailing specific locations and events, specific and unusual medical conditions)  · On-line discussions are monitored by the module coordinator as well as tutors. In the event that there are concerns regarding potential breaches of confidentiality you will be asked to edit your contributions accordingly On-line Tasks See Appendix Two The Recall Days 12thFebruary 2009 10am-1pm Specialist tutor groups Specialist tutors to discuss, re-cap and provide relevant references on the following: Social issues and research, policy and legislation relevant to the identified social issues Assessment frameworks and their benefits, limitations, effectiveness Methods of intervention Materials for tutors and students will be provided nearer the time. 2pm-3pm Lecture by K Winter 8th April 2009 10am-1pm Specialist tutor groups Specialist tutors to discuss, re-cap and provide relevant references on the following: Processes regarding methods of intervention referring to any relevant research, practice guidelines Outcomes relating to methods of intervention referring to any relevant research, practice Materials for tutors and students will be provided nearer the time. 2pm-4pm Lecture by K Winter Module Review The module is the subject of an annual review. The main issues arising have concerned: Structure and content of on-line discussion forum Structure and content of recall days Date for submission of the case study More teaching on group work as a method of intervention The module has been re-structured this year to address most of the above points. Reading Materials It is recommended that you purchase Wilson et al. (2008) Social Work: An Introduction to Contemporary Practice, Harlow: Pearson Longman as it offers a broad guide that will help you consider the key elements of your case study including: social issues/social histories; assessment frameworks; and methods of intervention. The book also includes up to date references to policy and research. Other more specialist references will be added to QoL. Appendix One Specialist Tutor Group Allocation Older people and physical health and disability (13students) A HARPUR NAME PLACEMENT Christine Bowden Sensory Impairment Team Newry Alana Carr Ivybrook Newry Michael Cunningham Shankill Centre, Belfast Corey Doyle Dungannon Emma Goligher Lagan Valley Hospital Fiona Kelly Sensory Impairment Bradbury Centre Emma McClure Mount Oriel Samantha McGreevy Lagan Valley Hospital Clare Murney Newry Sheena Quinn Bangor Eliza Shields Day centre Banbridge Heather Stewart Holywood Arches Centre Karen Watson Scarva St Banbridge Adults with learning disabilities (10 students) TUTOR TO BE DECIDED NAME PLACEMENT Deborah Bonner Glenwood Unit Poleglass Amanda Caldwell Struell Lodge Downpatrick Judith Cleland Adult supported living Nards James Draper Skyways Project Ormeau Road Clare Joyce Ards TRC (day centre) Hannah Laird Balloo TRC Bangor Christopher Millar Edgcombe Day Centre Shauna Murphy Supported living project Bangor Claire Murray Mountview Downpatrick Lynsey Wilson Supported living project Lisburn Family and child care (8 students) G KELLY NAME PLACEMENT Ann Boyle Shankill Centre Sarah Brown Flaxfield CH Lisburn Lois Curran Bryson House Dunmurry Simon Darby Bryson House Bedford St Nicola Doran Gateway Team Banbridge Joanne Elder Naomi Project Womens Aid Christina Graffin Carnmoney Road FCC team Catherine Hennighan Child care team Larne Family and child care (9 students) K WINTER NAME PLACEMENT Debbie Henry Antrim Family Intervention Team Lisa Kearney Womens Aid Derry Carina Ledwith Lynsey House residential unit Elaine McLaughlin Bryson House family support Bedford St Dawn McCallion Family Placement Team Ballymena Sarah Morrow Fortwilliam CH Louise Pettigrew Warren Centre Lisburn Lee Wilson Residential Unit Portrush Tim Wilson Family support project Nards Mental health (10students) G DAVIDSON NAME PLACEMENT Susan Beggs Ormeau Centre Verner St Katrina Copeland Hostel 12 Larne Amanda Ferris Extern Bryan Leonard Addiction Treatment Unit Omagh Heather Long Addiction Team Nards Gemma Mallon Ballymacross Hostel Lisburn Lucy Molloy Crisis Team Holywood Arches Judith McCloy Supported housing project Bangor Kirsty Quigg Derriaghy day centre Anna Tohill Supported living project Antrim Appendix Two On-line Discussion Forum Weekly Tasks WEEK TASK TO BE COMPLETED BY Week One (12.01.09-16.01.09) Introduce yourself Describe your placement (programme of care, where, what types of service user) What are your initial observations regarding the working environment (physical environment and formal/informal working practices)? 18.01.09 Week Two (19.01.09-23.01.09) Find out what type of assessment frameworks are used within your workplace. List and describe them 25.01.09 Week Three (26.01.09-30.01.09) Choose an assessment framework Find out about any research, policy and guidance regarding its use and describe 01.02.09 Week Four (02.02.09-06.02.09) Look again at the selected assessment framework. Answer the following: What are the benefits and limitations of the framework? What can be done to improve it? 08.02.09 Week Five 09.02.09-13.02.09) From your discussions with team members what social issues frequently emerge from peoples social histories in your particular placement (this could include poverty, abuse, substance dependency, sectarianism for example). List the social issues and identify any policies, legislation and research which inform practice in these areas. 15.02.09 N.B Thursday 12th Feb is a recall day. You will have a 3 hour tutorial (10-1pm) followed by a one hour lecture (2-3pm) Week Six (16.02.09-20.02.09) In conjunction with your tutor identify a case which you might use as your case study. Having sought the consent of the service user draw out: the main themes that emerge from their social history; the assessment framework you are using; the skills required in applying that assessment framework; the benefits and limitations encountered; the possible outcomes of that assessment process. 22.02.09 Week Seven (23.02.09-27.02.09) In light of the issues that come to your attention through the assessment answer the following: Which method of intervention might you consider? Which issue(s) are you attempting to address? Why have you chosen those issues and that method to address them? What might a successful intervention look like? (list you goals, aims) These issues should form the basis to your presentation to be delivered at the mid way tripartite 01.03.09 Week Eight (02.03.09-06.03.09) Write up your presentation for your midway tripartite based on the work you have completed for this module so far. 08.03.09 Weeks Nine and Ten (09.03.09-20.03.09) Think about the processes relating to your chosen method of intervention and answer the following: What knowledge, skills and values are you relying on? What is helping/hindering the process? What are the benefits/limitations to the method of intervention you have selected? 22.03.09 Weeks Eleven and Twelve (23.03.09-03.04.09) Begin to think about the outcomes of your method of intervention and answer the following: Is it working? Yes/No In what ways is it working/not working? Why is this so? What might be the contributory factors? What could be done differently? How do you measure success? Is there any research regarding its effectiveness? What do your colleagues think about the approach you have chosen? Do your colleagues have favoured methods? If yes/no why? 05.04.09 Week Thirteen onwards (06.04.09 onwards) Begin to write up your evidence based case study Use the on-line discussion forum to seek guidance and help in relation to aspects of the case study Aim to have it completed in first draft before end April 2009 NB 8th April is a recall day. You will have a 3 hour tutorial (10-1pm) followed by a 2 hour lecture (2-4pm)

Ghost Story of a Ghost Saving Her Baby :: Ghost Stories Urban Legends

A Ghosts Saves Her Baby I had just finished up lunch with a friend at around one o’clock in the afternoon. I was trekking back from the dining hall when I met the storyteller. She was a freshman who had just turned eighteen, and a moderately-devout Catholic. (â€Å"I’m into my religion but I don’t go to church as much as I’d like to.†) She was Filipino and born and raised Maryland. She was sitting on the lawn in front of the library, deeply immersed in a novel. When prompted by my question, â€Å"Would you mind helping me out with an assignment for class? I just need a ghost story or urban legend and interview you for a few minutes,† she cocked her head to one side and slowly shut her book. She said, â€Å"You know that one about a woman who dies in a car crash but her baby is still alive and she doesn’t want to leave it alone in the world?† I had a tape recorder with me, but she seemed a little put-off by that, so I simply took elaborate notes on how she presented her story. The following is as close to verbatim as I could remember and drawn from my notes: My cousin told me this. One evening, it was thunder-storming pretty badly outside. This lonely woman was sitting in her house watching television when someone knocked on her door. She got up to open it, and in front of her was this other woman who was just a wreck. She had blood and dirt all over her, not to mention all that rain drenching her. Pretty creepy sight. [She visibly flinched.] The woman outside goes, â€Å"Can you please help me? I just crashed my car and my baby is still in his car seat!† [The storyteller’s tone became empathetic here.] Of course, the lonely woman says, â€Å"Okay,† and the two go outside together. The rain picked up and things got really hard to see, but the lady led the lonely woman to her car, which had fallen into a ditch. Inside, there was the little baby sitting in his seat, still alive. The lonely woman reached in to get it, but then she gets all shocked, because you know who was in the driver’s seat? [I shook my he ad while she allowed her pause to linger.] It was the dead woman.

“Hunger” from a Scientific Biopsychological Perspective

The term â€Å"bio† means life and â€Å"logos† means study. The word biology can thus be defined as the study of life. The study of physiological bases of behavior is known as Biological psychology. Biological psychology is the study in three ways namely the comparative method, Physiology and Investigation of inheritance. In the comparative method a number of different species are studied and then the results are compared and are related in order to understand the human behavior. Physiology basically focuses on how the brain functions, how the nervous system and hormones work and how their functions affect human behavior. The Investigation of inheritances focuses on how the mechanism of inheritance works. This paper will shed light on hunger from a scientific biopsychological perspective. When level of glycogen in the liver fall below a certain point, a feeling is experienced by an animal which is known as hunger. The organ responsible for originating this unpleasant feeling is the hypothalamus part of the brain. The hypothalamus alarms the liver and the stomach through the sense receptors. Animals can basically be divided into three major categories namely the carnivores, the herbivores and the omnivores. Though they all belong to same parent class but there eating habits are pretty different. Carnivores are basically meat eaters. They generally live on live foods. The biological reason behind this is because they have large mouth and very sharp teeth. This allows them to easily get a hold on their prey and tear off the huge pieces of flesh. The short intestinal tract and the huge stomach is perfect for them to hold even an entire big fish. Carnivores prefer to eat meat because there digestive system basically lacks the ability to digest vegetable matter. Even if they try to live on vegetable they won’t be able to survive for long because there body won’t be absorbing any nutrients. As carnivores have a huge stomach. They don’t have to eat food very frequently as there serving size is usually very huge. A lion is an example of carnivore. Herbivores on the other hand are totally opposite to carnivores. The proper diet for herbivores consists of plants, algae and fruits. They have adaptive themselves according to the biology of their body. There specialized intestines makes their body capable of breaking down matter. They have flat teeth through which they grind food before swallowing. The herbivores must have to eat frequently because their stomach lacks the ability to hold large volumes of food. They need to take meals several times a day and there serving size is usually very small. An example of a herbivore is a zebra. Omnivores can eat almost anything. They can vegetables and meat. Their teeth and digestive are made in such a way that they can adapt themselves to have the properties of both the omnivore and the herbivore. An example of an omnivores are humans. The part of the brain responsible for stimulating hunger is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus can be divided into areas namely the lateral hypothalamus and the ventro hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is the part that makes you feel hungry where as the ventromedial hypothalamus is the part that make you feel full and satisfied. When a person is eating a big meal and believes he no more has the capacity to eat more, the ventromedial hypothalamus is doing the job to indicate you. Signal impulses are generated by the hypothalamus at appropriate times in order to indicate that when to eat and when to stop. The hypothalamus is trained to maintain a certain optimal body weight. If the body weight falls below the marginal line, the hypothalamus lowers the metabolic rate and when we eat it tells the body to stop eating and increases the metabolic rate to burn excess foods. The neurotransmitter also effects are eating habits. The neurotransmitters that have relation with hunger is serotonin and dopamine. The serotonin is basically a neurotransmitter that keeps us happy. When we feel good, our body suppresses hunger. People who are usually depressed tend to put on weight because they feel hungry all the time. Dopamine neurotransmitter is also dependant on amino acids in the body. Dopamine levels can affect your body weight. A low dopamine level means that you’re less likely to consume amino acids in the body. As a result, there is more intake of carbohydrates and other fats and then you put on weight because you feel hungry. The processed or packaged food has certain chemical in them that effect your neurotransmitters levels in the body and thus you get hunger pangs. The hormones that affect our appetite and hunger is Ghrelin. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and lower down after meals. Gherlin has been discovered as the first hunger circulating hormone. www. soc. ucsb. edu) Obesity is a disease in which body consumes a lot of fat and chronic imbalances takes place. Science has proved that genes do play a role in obesity. Genes that are related to obesity can effect the metabolic rate. They could also affect human behavior, changing our lifestyles and increasing the risk of being obese. Science has proved that some genes control appetie. Such genes make us less able to sense when a feeling full where are as some genes make our bodies more responsive to food by affecting our sense of taste, smell or sight of food. Some genes make us feel lazy and less active and as result people put on weight. Epigenetic is a birth given to a new science. Epigenetic basically involve the study of gene activity in which though they do not involve alterations to the genetic code but can still be passed down to at least one successive generation. The cellular material for expressing these gene patterns is known as epigenome. (www. britannica. com) Both nature and nurture have affects on our diet and body size. The evolutionary factors that basically shape the genetics that we inherit from our parents and ancestors is known as Nature. Things that influence us since we were born is nurture. The range of human potential is basically determined by nature where as the ways in which the human potential is actualized is determined by nurture. Your diet and body size is affected both by the nature and the nurture. Parents that are usually tall are mostly likely to have kids that are going to be tall. This is genetic and thus nature has it roles. However, parents who are short does not necessarily mean will have kids that will be short too. If kids are given proper food, they exercise well and they remain active so they can affect their body size. Thus nurture has its role as well. (Sharpe) As for diet, your appetite is affected both by nature and nurture. In some families, they love to eat so their kids are mostly likely to eat as well. People who generally have tendencies to put on weight usually have low metabolic rate and their genes can be passed on to children. Hence nature plays it role but if the kids control their appetite, exercise well they can adapt their body and bring changes. This is where nurture plays its role. (www. answers. com)

Classroom Management debate Essay

Set of procedures the teacher uses in order to ensure the smooth and motivational interaction among learners. It also involves the e? cient use of audiovisual aids and other forms of realia and equipment. Critical points to consider: †¢Teacher Talking Time †¢Student Taking time †¢The use of L1 CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT https:// docs. google. com/open? id=0B5T z9DyyMdqCQjNZX0dkZkdvYmM Why is teacher talking time (TTT) important? ?Teacher talk = Organization of the classroom = Process of language acquisition. ?The quantity of TTT is important and so is the quality. A good balance should always be the target. Factors to be considered: Nunan (1995: 190) 1. The point in the lesson in which the talking occurs. 2. What prompts the teacher talk (planned or spontaneous) 3. The value of the talk as potentially useful for acquisition. Students Talking Time STT STT is the opportunity students have to talk in the classroom. Learners need to: †¢Attend to information †¢Volunteer original ideas †¢Ask relevant questions. †¢Work with other learners †¢Solve problems co-operatively. †¢Work independently in class or at home. STT is enhanced by: †¢Promoting a ‘listening culture’ in the classrooms. †¢Asking more challenging questions. †¢Being ready to accept unexpected answers †¢Allowing silences and time for thought †¢Planning and building in meaningfultasks to encourage productive talk †¢Encouraging students to ask questions, to initiate talk and to seek for meanings CONCLUSIONS THE USE OF L1 IN CLASS. 1. Facilitate teacher-student communication 2. Facilitate teacher-student rapport 3. Facilitate learning 4. Systematize comprehension of L2 structures Harbord, J. (1992) : ? The use of the mother tongue in the classroom in The ELT Journal, Vol. 46/4. IN CONCLUSION†¦ †¢There must be a balance in the TTT and the STT if teachers really want to achieve their objectives in class. †¢The use of L1 should be done taking into consideration students’ needsand environment. Nevertheless, it must be used e? ciently. †¢I think that†¦ ?   

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essays

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essays Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Discuss the conflict that is occurring at General Hospital. In my opinion the conflict that is occurring in the General Hospital is the physicians are interested in obtaining personal benefits from representatives of pharmaceutical companies that distributes to the hospital. In most organization this is considered a conflict of interest. The physicians focus is not on their patients but on obtaining personal benefits. The Hospital pays each physician and clinician that is employed a very high salary and the pharmaceutical companies are aware that the physicians are interested in favors if they use products at the hospital. This problem has caused representatives of the pharmaceutical companies to easily get their products in the General Hospital which can sometimes be a difficult task for many pharmaceutical companies. Since the physicians have started this practice it has become a serious problem for the hospital. The ways to control the cost incurred in availing the desirable pharmaceutical resources in the Hospital are also facing some difficulties. Some pharmaceutical companies increased the prices of their products in order to provide some share to the physicians that support their company. Some professionals at the General Hospital have positive thoughts of the decision and others are and this has cause a conflict at General Hospital. 2. Discuss the conflict management styles that are evident in the case. The conflicts of interest at the Hospital is related to all business practices in the Hospital for example (1) the pharmaceutical companies are handled by the organization in an efficient way. The decisions that are being made are not in accordance with the primary interest but the secondary as well and I think it should be reversed with the primary and not with the secondary. The Hospital can implement duties on many business projects with the people such as pharmaceutical consultants. They should remember to remember the importance of maintaining a equal relationship between both parties the physicians and their supplier. 3. Discuss how General Hospital could have used teams to address the cost reductions needed to stay competitive. In my opinion I think the General Hospital can set guidelines concerning the salaries of, maintenance of the Hospital infrastructure, physicians, availability of high-tech machines, medicinal resources, availability of organs for transplant, hospital management etc and this will help the hospital maintain financial resources at all times and in the future. The Hospital should also implement ways to help offset high electric bills by checking the cost incurred in the wastage of electricity in those departments which are not currently under operation and combine the departments. All financial aids that is given to the hospital by the government as well as the other financial institutions should be monitored and utilized in an efficient way and controlled by a limited sources to show where the money is being spent. The hospital may develop ways by using different ideas to help strategies and stabilize their existence. This can be done by making offers to patients with unbeatable prices for some treatments and procedures. The General Hospital should investigate other hospital prices prior to making a final determination of their budget. 4. Describe how Hammer can use negotiation skills to get buy-in for the cost reductions. The negotiation skills are very important in any organization. To reach an administration that can produce great results at the General Hospital they must use their negotiation skills. The General Hospital is a huge and wide-spread organization and detail measures must be taken viewing the cost-reduction because of the size of the organization. Hammer should submit his proposal to negotiate the price of the artificial items that is needed by some patients. The manufacturer of these products can be contacted directly and the best price could be achieved and used to say the hospital money. The items purchased at lower prices from the manufactory can provide evidence that the product work when utilized for patient’s. The General Hospital could overcome the cost incurred in the treatment as well as the salaries of the doctors by negotiating with the suppliers. The hospital may find some of the suppliers not willing to lower the items at the offered price however if they refuse to negotiate or lower the price the Hospital should secure another company that is willing to negotiate the prices as a back-up plan.. 5. Recommend a strategy for Hammer to resolve the problem. In my Opinion I think Hammer should use a strategy to solicit the opinion of Hospital employees to help resolve the problem. He use an innovation awards plan. This plan will allow employees to submit their innovation on how to resolve the problem and the staffs that submit the top ten ideas are given a monetary gift. All employees’ opinion should be taken into consideration to help Hammer resolve the problem at the hospital. The risks and contingencies should also be weighed and taken into consideration prior to any final decisions actual being implementation. If there is a conflict is found between the opinion of the employees, the hospital should allow the employees to determine by using some form of voting procedure using upper or lower management. The advice of the people who have been exposed to this type of problem should be interviewed for information on how they dealt with the problem and what strategies that they used to overcome the problem. After identifying strategies that will help solve the problems they should be implemented to the hospital employees with a plan on how to measure results from the plan. References: Hellriegel, D. , Slocum, J. W. , Jr. (2011 custom edition (13thj ed. ). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning. massgeneral. org/about/newsarticle. aspx? id=2252 massgeneral. org/surgery/assets/pdfs/surgicalsociety/surgery_2002spring. pdf

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous Students often confuse the present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson employs an imaginary biography to get students asking questions and speaking about completed accomplishments (present perfect) and duration of activity (present perfect continuous). The main difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous that students need to acquire is the difference between the amount of time the current activity has been in progress, and the amount of activity that has been done. In the first case, we use the present perfect continuous to express how long the current activity has been going on. In the second case, use the present perfect to express how many or how much has been accomplished. These guides on how to teach the present perfect continuous and how to teach the present perfect can help with further exercises and teaching suggestions. Aim Correct use of present perfect and present perfect continuous, contrasted with simple past Activity Use of an imaginary chart of life events to elicit questions and answers using both the present perfect and present perfect continuous, as well as the simple past Level Intermediate Outline Review the present perfect and present perfect continuous with the class. Focus on the difference between present perfect to express an amount finished up to the present moment (Ive read three books by Hemingway), and the present perfect continuous to express the duration of the current activity (Shes been reading for three hours).Ask students to take a look at the sentences in exercise 1 and decide if they are correct or incorrect.Make a point of discussing the use of BOTH the present perfect and present perfect continuous with common verbs such as live, work, play, drive, etc.Ask students to read the life chart of John Anderson.Have students pair up and use the question cues. Ask students to use the present perfect continuous when asking about the duration of an activity.To check if students are doing the activity correctly, ask the students to write out the questions once they have finished. John Anderson: VIP 0Born 1954 6Started school 12Started magazine delivery service 13Started playing tennis 15Hired four other boys for magazine delivery service 17Sold magazine delivery service for $20,000 17Went to Harvard Business School 18Won New York State tennis championship 19Started Supersoft software company with roommate 20Sold Supersoft for $400,000 21Graduated with honors from Harvard 22Received Masters of International Business from Yale 23Started work for Brown and Bran Inc. in New York City 25Married first wife, Josine 26First son born, Josh 26Promoted to Vice President of International Sales 27Won New York Business Clubs International Businessman Award 28Left Brown and Bran Inc. 28Started New Media Associates Inc. in New York City 29Divorced Josie 30Won New Business Innovation award 31Met and married second wife, Angela 32Second son, Philip, born 33Won over-thiry tennis tournament of New York City

Alexander the Great Summary 16 Essay

man who portrayed outstanding leadership qualities was Alexander of Macedonia, more commonly referred to as Alexander the Great. Alexander gained control of the Macedonian empire and led his men to victory by conquering the Persian Empire. Not only did his conquest enhance his overall image as a great military leader, but the characteristics he developed throughout his lifetime also played a role in his tremendous success. Although Alexander encountered many obstacles throughout his conquests, he†¦ Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon, is known as Alexander the Great. However, was he truly great? One may look at his many accomplishments to decide if he deserves the title. Sometimes character is the test of determining if a man is great. Alexander meets both standards with his philosophic background, conquering abilities, victories in battle, and outstanding accomplishments; therefore, he truly meets his title as Alexander the Great Alexander was born in 356 B.C. to King Philip II f†¦ of the Book â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander†. Arrian was highly educated as a Greek citizen who born in a wealthy family. He has been famous since the Roman Period (27 BC –) as a philosopher who developed and extended his master Epictetus’ philosophy; a good governor of Roman cities Andalusia and Cappadocia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD 117-38); a remarkable historian who accomplished many influential historian works such as The Campaigns of Alexander. There are many ancient sources†¦ Alexander the Great: Alexander III of Macedon, more commonly known as Alexander the Great (356 B.C. – 323 B.C.) was the son of Philip II, King of Macedon (382 B.C. – 336 B.C.) and Olympias. Conqueror of the Persian Empire, India and Egypt. When Alexander was born, prophecies foretold by Persian soothsayers and astronomers that he was going to be the â€Å"destroyer of Asia† due to the burning of the â€Å"famous Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.† (Alexandria, City of the Western Mind) The manuscript Alexander†¦ Joe Cibulka May 16, 2011 Alexander the Great Who is the Macedonian king who beat the great Persian Empire in 329 B.C.? Alexander the Great, of course! Although he faced many challenges, Alexander III conquered the world. Alexander said`ï€  Nothing is impossible to him who tries†- Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C. He was born in the Macedonian capitol Pella. His mother and father were Queen and King, so he was a prince. His dad was murdered by a traitor†¦ Alexander the Great   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander†¦ Alexander the Great seems to have been a man who relished in the excesses of life. Not only did he lust after wealth and lands, but also he sought after deification and absolute power. With regards to "With regard to bodily pleasures, [Alexander] enjoyed perfect self-control; where pleasures of the mind were concerned, he was insatiable only for men 's praise", this statement is misleading and most likely Arrian stated such only because of his admiration of Alexander (Arrian 7.28.2). Alexander commonly†¦ Alexander the Great Deserve and His Reputation Alexander the Great is known for his legacy. Most known for his strategy of conquering many cities in Europe, Alexander the Great was no stranger to war strategy. Following a series of events leading to Alexander’s father being murder the Peloponnesian War ensued and the consequences of this country showed the Greek states at their worst selfish, contentious, avaricious, and power-hungry. The crises solution was Alexander to take his father’s throne†¦ Alexander the Great seemed to be given a name fit for someone who is legendary. We all know his name today, even though he lived sixteen hundred years ago. What made him such a great man? Alexander was born to father King Phillip II and mother Olympias (formerly called Myrtale) on day six of the month Loios (Macedonian month of July). During a majority of this time, King Phillip was away fighting wars, so his mother Queen Olympias oversaw his training and instilled resentment in Alexander about†¦ Alexander the Great and His Achievements Alexander the Great was the king of Macedon. Alexander of Macedon, or ancient Mecadonia, deserves to be called the Great. Alexander the Great was considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. He was an excellent king, general, and conqueror. During his thirteen-year rule he conquered almost all the then known world and gave a new direction to history. He had established an empire after he died. His new empire helped many people live their†¦

Business Strategy. (Tesla Motors, Kellogg's Efficiency) Assignment

Business Strategy. (Tesla Motors, Kellogg's Efficiency) - Assignment Example The mission statement focused on achievement of growth by offering better services to customers and actively catering for the needs of its stakeholders. In order to formulate its strategy properly, the firm had to identify the expectations of stakeholders like customers, employees and shareholders. Afterwards, it had to analyse its current performance in regards to service delivery, corporate social responsibility, and profitability. Finally, a company strategy was defined on what the firm needed to have achieved in order to close the performance gap (Ketokivi and Castaà ±er, 2004: 360). In order to achieve its objectives, the company needed a plan, most of which involved strengthening the core competencies and correcting the mistakes the firm had been making in regards to quality service delivery. For instance, Kellogg's is excellent at keeping injury levels among its employees at their lowest levels; therefore, all the firm did was to establish targets to act as benchmarks for its facilities. The facilities used this benchmark in order to be recognized as the safest, and the firm benefitted in the form of increased employee satisfaction, low turnover, higher productivity, revenue and profits, and a competitive edge for the firm over the years (Ketokivi and Castaà ±er, 2004: 360). ... For instance, Kellogg's worked with the supermarket chain in order to capture the market share of customers that seek to obtain all their shopping from one location. Moreover, the firm had responsible corporate social responsibility in its strategic plan to ensure that all its activities are geared towards achieving long-term and short-term goals. For instance, it sponsored community-based events that promote physical activities among customers and members of the public. In addition, all its product packaging has information on the products and the recommended daily intake for various nutrients. By doing so, Kellogg's showed its customers that their welfare comes first, even if it means having them to reduce the amount of products they would otherwise have bought without using the guidelines on the labels (Oliveira-Castro et al., 2008: 454). Analysis of Tesla Motors The firm aims at producing fully electric motor vehicles for use by low and middle-income earners. However, due to the high costs of production, and lack of large-scale production infrastructure to enable large scale production the firm may not achieve its objective. Production of cars is a costly venture, and considering the lack of resources at Tesla, the dream of a fully electric vehicle for family, government and other clients may never be achieved. Contrary to expectation, the management of the firm has a strategic plan in place that aims at achieving this vision by, primarily by driving the firm into mass production to enable it to enjoy the economies of scale of doing business in bulk (Schroder, 2009). Tesla’s strategy is to attract public interest,

Media and climategate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media and climategate - Research Paper Example Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is an internationally renowned research institution for climate change and global warming. The research done at CRU is globally accepted and practiced, for instance, global temperature record and other data sets.CRU was the key contributor of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report in 2007.It was a   collaboration between World Meteorological Organization(WMO) and United Nations Environment Program and considered to be the most authoritative of the likes(CNN). According to Seymour, climategate proved to be the starting point of a series of leaks that shook scientists’ long held and advocated belief that â€Å"the science is settled†. However, despite the authoritative position of CRU and far reaching impact of the leaked information, news media networks played soft on the whole incident. They seemed unshaken by the unethical course of action taken by the scientists whose claims were promoted by these networks over the years and gradually shaped public opinion. Surprisingly, since November 20, 2009, less than 10 percent of the global warming and climate change related news stories pointed towards any of the climate related scandals. The most disturbing email communication was among CRU Director Phil Jones and Penn State Scientist Michael Mann. The later is internationally renowned for his hockey stick graph of global warming which was the main feature of IPCC’s report in 2001.In e-mail Jones informed Mann that he worked on a trick to make addition in real temperature record of last 20 years in order to hide the decline. Other e-mails encourage criminal act of destroying information rather than passing them on to Freedom of Information requests(Seymour).Daily Mail(UK) reported on January 28,2010 that Information Commissioner discovered that ERU scientists are violating FOI law, but he couldn’t take legal action because of the statute of limitation(qtd. in

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example A result oriented treatment plan consists of: â€Å"screening, assessment, treatment and aftercare protocol† (NASW, 2008). However, public demand for a tough retributive approach to juvenile crime such as the fatal shooting tragedies in schools, can compel the use of high levels of punishment by the justice system, thus undermining the possibilities of improvement in the youth’s delinquency conditions. In contrast to the punitive or correctional approach, treatment programs help offenders to understand the root causes of their misconduct, experience the rewards of positive or prosocial behavior, and assist youth in re-integrating into the family, school and community. Research reveals that recidivism or relapse rates among those delinquent youth who received some type of treatment was found to be 25% less than among untreated control groups. Further, evidence-based best treatment programs reduce recidivism to an extent of 80% (Gendreau & Goggin: 1). Since juvenile offenders are not identical to one another, individualized treatment for each young person works most effectively when certain common features essential for success of treatment programs are included. Behavior modification techniques for improving interpersonal and basic social skills, self-control, anger management, and resistance to substance abuse have been found to reduce recidivism or relapse by as much as 50%. Behavioral modification techniques punish negative behaviors similar to the correctional model, but also reward positive behaviors (Abrams et al: 9). Those treatments which involve longer contact hours with the emotionally disturbed youth achieve better results, and in institutional settings, treatments given by mental health professionals reveal improved outcomes as compared to interventions by corrections staff. Further, individual counseling that directly addresses behavior,

The Chrysanthemums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Chrysanthemums - Essay Example Her working apparel is clean and provides security to her while working. She is very particular about her self cleanliness as well as of her farmhouse and ""The Chrysanthemums". She declares that her gardening skills were result of her mother's dextrousness in same work. She has just crossed her youth life and has a craving for going out and experiencing the kind of life other people live and to experience new things. She enjoys a very healthy and humorous relation with her husband who makes sure that he starts or leaves the conversation on a laughing note. Her husband who owns a ranch keeps her happy and cares for her well being. She is very observing and inquisitive by nature and keeps check on her surroundings and notes minute details about some things while even working on her beloved Chrysanthemums. Elisa has a face that becomes strong while assertings herselfat work and changes to more softness when she talks to her husband. Lean and strong, at the same time her face is mature and handsome to be seen as masculine while working on relatively softer stems and branches of the flowers. She is thorough with her work with matching knowledge and skilled hands. She loves going out and away from the usual chorus of farm work. She gets intrigued by stories of life that other people live, and also likes experimenting with things. The moment discussion gets towards chrysanthemums, Elisa gets emotionally attached to them and she helps anyone who appreciates the flower for its heavenly hue. She is a believer and a gifted lady. The spring wagon man initially has some off note talk with Elisa but then talks around things in order to get what he actually wants, the work that he pleaded initially to her. The behaviour of Elisa towards the untidy clothed man was rather appreciable and emphatical. And at last but not least, in parts of story, Elisa is depicted as a somewhat sensuous and very beautiful lady who pampers her self as much she works in her flower garden. At the e nd of the day when she gets ready to go out with her husband, she dresses up lovingly. Now we will talk about the character named Henry Allen. He is the owner of the ranch and Elisa is his wife. He loves Elisa very much and keeps her happy in her strenuous work, around the flower garden. He has an air of romanticism around him whenever he talks to her wife and has a good sense of humour with perfect timing. He plans things around pretty well and manages the ranch well also. There is also mention of him selling some fordson at a rate which was profitable. He and his wife share a very fulfilling relation together and his teasing and witty yet hilarious remarks refreshes Elisa quickly. Ain the end of the story while riding a roadster, he is very understanding and caring to her wifes responses and tries to reinforce her smile back. He loves his wife very much and it shows silently in their normal conversations. In the end we will have to discuss the character of a spring wagon chariot who is a daily wager and is not well off in his clothes, attire and vehicle which has a rather amusing fleet of one horse and one donkey clubbed

Religious Life on Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Life on Planet Earth - Essay Example The geographical terrain, vegetation and population density have a direct impact on the cultural and social life of humans which indirectly shapes their religious school of thought. Diversity in language, skin color, body shape and the male dominance seem to influence religious indoctrination, which is enforced on their offspring’s. There seem to be some pockets of populations’ on the planet who seem to be atheists but still believe in a culture of work for living, which indirectly translates into a religion itself i.e. their dedication to work for existence is fanatical to the degree of being labeled as religion. On closer observation, one comes to know that such category of societies on earth call themselves socialists. On closer observation, one can see that majority of the populations’ on Earth visualize God as a manifestation of the human form itself, as most of the worshipped entities have human shape. Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God, Muslims believe that Muhammad was a messiah who brought the message of God to the planet while Hindus worship nature and its powers like fire, water, wind and earth which are depicted by demigods in human shape, who might possess either sex. Christians, Muslim and Sikh religions are heavily oriented towards believing that God’s manifestation is exclusively in the male form, which is the dominant sex in human society on the planet. Sub religions have emerged on the planet out of the above religions with deviants claiming superiority of their respective gods and beliefs. Surprisingly, the human population is greatly divided due to respective faiths’ and does not resist temptation to go to war with each other to prove one’s superiority over the other. Subtle activities to lure people from one religion to the other have been going on the planet once populations’ have migrated from one geographical location to the other en-masse. People on earth have built facilities and buildings exclusively for the practice of their respective religions and such buildings have exclusive architecture, are intricately designed and decorated, and revered highly to the point that people having allegiance to a particular faith bow in submission while passing across these masses of concrete. Christians’ have Churches and cathedrals, Muslims have mosques and the Hindus and Buddhists have temples. They regularly hold congregations on days earmarked as holy in their respective religions and spread the word amongst each other as well as to their young ones reproaching them not to deviate from the established doctrines. Any deviant or revolutionary behavior is highly condemned and the culprit is punished severely or ostracized from within the precincts of the religious society one represents. Religious scriptures have been maintained by all religions on the Earth in written forms’ and are revered as Holy Books by respective religious bodies and societies. S ome humans are considered more religious than others as they shun public life and devout their whole life exclusively in the service of religion. Such persons are labeled as priests with hierarchical designations which increase their stature in society. The function of religion on Earth seems to be to tame individuals into following predefined norms in social life which are conducive for survival in group living. As lower forms of animals survive simply by their physical superiority to have an edge on others representing their species, humans

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example A result oriented treatment plan consists of: â€Å"screening, assessment, treatment and aftercare protocol† (NASW, 2008). However, public demand for a tough retributive approach to juvenile crime such as the fatal shooting tragedies in schools, can compel the use of high levels of punishment by the justice system, thus undermining the possibilities of improvement in the youth’s delinquency conditions. In contrast to the punitive or correctional approach, treatment programs help offenders to understand the root causes of their misconduct, experience the rewards of positive or prosocial behavior, and assist youth in re-integrating into the family, school and community. Research reveals that recidivism or relapse rates among those delinquent youth who received some type of treatment was found to be 25% less than among untreated control groups. Further, evidence-based best treatment programs reduce recidivism to an extent of 80% (Gendreau & Goggin: 1). Since juvenile offenders are not identical to one another, individualized treatment for each young person works most effectively when certain common features essential for success of treatment programs are included. Behavior modification techniques for improving interpersonal and basic social skills, self-control, anger management, and resistance to substance abuse have been found to reduce recidivism or relapse by as much as 50%. Behavioral modification techniques punish negative behaviors similar to the correctional model, but also reward positive behaviors (Abrams et al: 9). Those treatments which involve longer contact hours with the emotionally disturbed youth achieve better results, and in institutional settings, treatments given by mental health professionals reveal improved outcomes as compared to interventions by corrections staff. Further, individual counseling that directly addresses behavior,

Religious Life on Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Life on Planet Earth - Essay Example The geographical terrain, vegetation and population density have a direct impact on the cultural and social life of humans which indirectly shapes their religious school of thought. Diversity in language, skin color, body shape and the male dominance seem to influence religious indoctrination, which is enforced on their offspring’s. There seem to be some pockets of populations’ on the planet who seem to be atheists but still believe in a culture of work for living, which indirectly translates into a religion itself i.e. their dedication to work for existence is fanatical to the degree of being labeled as religion. On closer observation, one comes to know that such category of societies on earth call themselves socialists. On closer observation, one can see that majority of the populations’ on Earth visualize God as a manifestation of the human form itself, as most of the worshipped entities have human shape. Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God, Muslims believe that Muhammad was a messiah who brought the message of God to the planet while Hindus worship nature and its powers like fire, water, wind and earth which are depicted by demigods in human shape, who might possess either sex. Christians, Muslim and Sikh religions are heavily oriented towards believing that God’s manifestation is exclusively in the male form, which is the dominant sex in human society on the planet. Sub religions have emerged on the planet out of the above religions with deviants claiming superiority of their respective gods and beliefs. Surprisingly, the human population is greatly divided due to respective faiths’ and does not resist temptation to go to war with each other to prove one’s superiority over the other. Subtle activities to lure people from one religion to the other have been going on the planet once populations’ have migrated from one geographical location to the other en-masse. People on earth have built facilities and buildings exclusively for the practice of their respective religions and such buildings have exclusive architecture, are intricately designed and decorated, and revered highly to the point that people having allegiance to a particular faith bow in submission while passing across these masses of concrete. Christians’ have Churches and cathedrals, Muslims have mosques and the Hindus and Buddhists have temples. They regularly hold congregations on days earmarked as holy in their respective religions and spread the word amongst each other as well as to their young ones reproaching them not to deviate from the established doctrines. Any deviant or revolutionary behavior is highly condemned and the culprit is punished severely or ostracized from within the precincts of the religious society one represents. Religious scriptures have been maintained by all religions on the Earth in written forms’ and are revered as Holy Books by respective religious bodies and societies. S ome humans are considered more religious than others as they shun public life and devout their whole life exclusively in the service of religion. Such persons are labeled as priests with hierarchical designations which increase their stature in society. The function of religion on Earth seems to be to tame individuals into following predefined norms in social life which are conducive for survival in group living. As lower forms of animals survive simply by their physical superiority to have an edge on others representing their species, humans

Evaluate Research on Conformity Making Reference to 2 Studies Essay Example for Free

Evaluate Research on Conformity Making Reference to 2 Studies Essay Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in specific situations (social norms). It is also the key ways that a society or culture passes down its values or behaviours to its peers through an indirect form of social influence. Deusch and Gerald (1995) first presented that the reasons of people conforming is due to two factors that are information social influence and normative social influences. Information social influence is based on the ways people cognitively process information about specific situations. Normative social influence is based on our nature as social animals, and our need to be accepted and to ‘belong’ in society. Individuals often conform to avoid rejection and gain social approval within society. Festinger (1954) also agreed that people evaluate their own opinions and judgement through social comparisons, which is when the individual compares themselves to the peers around them When one realizes that others are not behaving in the same way, or think differently, it leads to anxiety, which is known as cognitive dissonance. In order to test for conformity, Asch carried a test where the subject was given a simple task of matching a length of line to one of three other comparison lines. The control subjects (who were able to take the test alone without any confederates) that served as the comparison to the variable (the individual who was tested for conformity) made almost no errors. In the experimental condition, one individual was tested but were surrounded by seven other confederates of the experimenter, who were told to give wrong estimates almost 70% of the trials. The subject was also second to last giving their answers, so that they were faced either giving their own opinion or conforming to the group. The average rate of conformity was 32%. 74% conformed at least once and 26% never conformed. In order to identity factors influencing conformity, Asch conducted variations to his experiment. Asch found out that with only one confederate, only 3% of the participant conformed, and with two confederates the rate rose to 14% and with three confederates, it rose to 32%. Larger groups did not increase the rate of conformity. Unanimity was an another factor, where conformity was more prominent when all the confederates agreed. If one of the confederates disagreed, the participant was less likely to conform. The difficulty of the task also increased conformity. Also when the participant was given the choice to write down their response, conformity decreased. Confidence and self-esteem was another significant role in influencing the participants, as people with high confidence strongly believed in their opinion, and were less likely to conform. However, even the participants that did not conform still felt strong social pressure. Although these results were quite reliable to a certain extent, there were multiple criticism towards the experiment. The experiment was considered ‘artificial’ with low ecological validity. There were also ‘demanding characteristics,’ where the participant may have changed their behaviour in order to please researchers. Also there was a lack in cultural diversity as the experiment may only represent the US in 1940-1950s. Because the individuals were placed in deception and anxiety, it also resulted in ethic concerns. Also, there were ethic concerns as the individuals were placed in deception and anxiety. Berry (1967) suggested that conformity is required by their respective survival level economics. Low food receiving societies tend to produce self-reliant independent individuals, while high food producing societies are group reliant and dependent. He also proved his theory by using a variation of Asch’s experiment through using samples of the Temne Sierra Leone and the Inuit people of Canada. Hunting and fishing in Eskimos show great tolerance in disciplining children, therefore resulting in independent and risk taking individuals. Rich farming Temne people apply strict disciplinary measures, resulting in more dependent and group reliant individuals. Therefore the experiment resulted that the Temne people of Sierra Leone conformed significantly more than the Inuit people of Canada, probably because of the economic differences. The Temne people usually had to survive on a single crop that is harvested by all the people in the society, therefore requiring each other’s trust and coordination of effort. . The culture also mainly focuses on agreement and harmony. Consensus is less present in Inuit culture as their economy is based on continual hunting and gathering on a relatively individual basis. However sometimes, there have been several examples of minority commitment to a view not held by the majority throughout the 20th century. This includes women’s right’s to vote in civil rights movement, environmental movement etc. Also research proved that minority opinions are significant in a group’s decision-making process. Groupthink happens when someone in a group suggest an idea, and everyone accepts the idea without considering other possible opinions It represents the group members having concordant opinions in an issue, resulting in not seeking alternative or disagreeing opinions, often because optimism prevents their decisions from becoming successful.

Design And Build Procurement Route Changes Construction Essay

Design And Build Procurement Route Changes Construction Essay The design and build procurement route changes the traditional sequence of work. It answers the Employers wishes for a single-point of responsibility in an alleged attempt to reduce risks and overall costs. It is now commonly used in many countries and forms of contracts are widely available. Design-Build is sometimes compared to the master builder approach, one of the oldest forms of construction procedure. Comparing design-build to the traditional method of procurement, the authors of Design-Build Contracting Handbook noted that: from a historical perspective the so-called traditional approach is actually a very recent concept, only being in use approximately 150 years. In contrast, the design-build concept also known as the master builder concept as been reported as being in use for over four millennia. (Songer,1996). The disadvantage of the traditional procurement method had been identified in many reports. According to Lathem Report (1994), it stated that the traditional method has the problem of adversarial and inefficient way of doing things and separation of the roles and responsibility of team members. According to the Construction Industry Review Committee Report (2001) stated that a high degree of fragmentation with an adversarial culture and a contractual and confrontational culture would be developed. The alternative procurement method would be sought for solving those problems. Describing Design and Build as a viable alternative method, Songer and Molenaar (1996) concluded that there are a number of advantages associated with Design and Build such as: cost savings, improved constructability, time savings and claim reduction. From the Employers perspective, the single point of responsibility is the most attractive benefit derived from the DB procurement approach (Chan 2000). With the support of case studies and quantitative data, Hale et al. (2009) pointed out the Design and Build is superior to the traditional procurement system hence recommended to use Design and Build approach in both public and private sectors. Levy (2006, p.197) even suggested that the design-build delivery system appears to be a perfect vehicle by which to pursue sustainable or green building construction. According to Chan and Chan (2004), the completion time as it relates to speed of a project depended on the procurement method adopted for the project. They attributed the slow delay observed in one of the projects to be due to the use of the traditional procurement method. However, they recognize the possibility of other factors playing a role that it was noted as the project who has suffered delays; obtained better results in terms of cost compared those obtained through the method of design and build method The increasing the complexity of the project, the Employer would be hesitated to how to reduce the time for design and the time for construction. The Employer was willing to seek for the alternative method to reduce the time of the design stage and the construction time and improve the performance of the projects. There are many alternative procurement methods have been developed in recent years such as Novated Design and Build and Enhanced Design and Build. The traditional procurement method is not the only choice for the Employer. Design and build is now one of the most frequently used procurement routes in construction and it is a radical departure from the traditional design-bid-build method. The use of design and build is on the increase with many Employers perceiving it as providing better value for money and giving rise to less disputes than other procurement methods. As per the surveys of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,2004 , new procurement trends can be identified which may be associated with the boom period in construction in the early part of the decade and it clearly shows that the Design and construction has become the single dominant method since the previous survey in 1995, it was the traditional methodUnder a design and build contract the contractor assumes primary responsibility for the design of the development, in addition to its traditional role to supply work and materials. The contractor engages the design consultants, or more usually, has the appointments of the design Consultan ts novated to him. 2.1 THE DEFINITION OF THE DESIGN AND BUILD PROCUREMENT METHOD Design and build is and arrangement in which a building contractor enters into a contract with you to design and construct your new building. It is the simplest approach, as one firm is responsible for producing the building you want rather than this responsibility being divided amongst several firms, as is the case with every other approach. (Sarah Peace and John Bennett, How to use a design build approach for a construction project, CLOB, P2) Masterman(1992) state that the term Design and Build has almost been unanimously interpreted and defined as being an arrangement where one contracting organization takes sole responsibility, normally on a lump sum fixed price basis, for the bespoke design and build of a Employers project. This contains three main elements: the responsibility for design and build, contractors reimbursement is generally by means of a fixed price lump sum and the project is designed and built specifically to meet the Employers needs. According to David Chappell (1997), Design and Build contracts place responsibility for both design and erection in the hands of the contractor one point of responsibility for everything. In this system contractor will carry out two functions: design and construct. In other definition, design and build is an arrangement where one organization design and build to the firm order for the Employer to a single financial transaction. The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB-1983) defines Design and Build as the process where the Employer deals directly with the contractor for the complete building and it is the contractor who is not only responsible for but also coordinates the separate design and build process, including engagement of the design team who are, therefore contractually linked with the contractor and not the Employer. The diagram below shows the contractual relationship in the design and builds procurement method. Client Design Build Contractor In-house designers or external consultants Specialist Contractors Source: Sarah Peace and John Bennett, How to use a design build approach for a construction project, CLOB, P2 In practice, Design and Build procurement is generally structured in one of two ways; The Employers employ a dedicated Design and Build organization with its own in house design team. The Employers engage a general building contractor who employs external design consultant members of the contractors team for the duration of the project. 2.2 STRENGTHS OF DESIGN AND BUILD PROCUREMENT SYSTEM As the Design and Build defined, it is therefore important to reveal the strength or advantages of Design and Build as procurement system. One of the prominent feature of Design and Build is to provide a single point responsibility. This is achieved by allocating all design responsibility and liability to the contractor alone. The owner may have more design options to choose from the respective design builders who enter the tender. Owner will tend to have variation of design ideas together with the expected cost that was proposed based on his requirements. Unlike traditional approach which only appoint a single unit of design team to come out with the design ideas, Design and Build will produce much more different design ideas from the design builder who enter the tender (P. Chan et al.,1997). The owners administrative burdens may be reduced because the procurement of design and build services is consolidated into a single selection process. After award of the Design and Build contract, the owner will not be required to spend time and effort coordinating and arbitrating between separated design and build contracts. While the process does require the owner to provide prudent oversight of the design and build process, this responsibility is considerable less time consuming and exposes the owner to far fewer risks than the traditional approach (P. Chan et al.. 1997; Dennis Turner, 1986). Figure 2.0: (A): Single point responsibility D B Contract ,(B): Fragmented responsibility traditional contract (Source: Bennett and Grice, 1992) In addition to the single point responsibility, cost and completion time is firm in the Design and Build procurement method. This means the Employer knows his total financial commitment in the initial stage of the project, provided he does not introduce any changes throughout the project. The Design and Build entity is responsible for quality, budget, schedule, and performance of the completed facility. With the single point of contact, Employers can concentrate on definition of needs and timely decision-making rather than on coordination between designer and contractor. Besides, the Design and Build entity has total responsibility for the finished product and cannot shift design errors of construction defects to another party. Therefore, it will likely to end up with the expected or higher quality of end product. Unlike Design and Build approach, traditional approach contracts rely on restrictive wording, adversarial audit and inspection requirements and the legal system to attain project quality (Jeffrey L. Beard et al., 2001). Cost has always become the key considerations affecting adoption of Design and Build procurement method. Whilst project time is relatively easy to interpret and potential savings clearly identified, project cost is more ambiguous and therefore difficult to evaluate. A prominent consideration for the Employer, in any procurement form, is that final cost does not exceed the project budget. In this respect, Design and Build certainly presents a better chance of the Employer obtaining his completed building within budget. Jerry Adanison (2001), explained that several financial considerations make Design and Build desirable. Private sector have implement Design and Build for financial reasons. Completing a project quickly can save Owners used to finance projects. On the question of cost, real cost savings can also be made in Design and Build. According to Mastermann (1992), when using this system, the initial an final costs are lower than when using other methods of procurement because of diminished design costs, the integration of the design and build elements and in built build ability of the detailed design. Cost savings may also result in timesaving. The overall effects is reduction in the Employers financing charges, lesser effect of inflation and faster building operation, which, in a commercial context, produces an earlier return on the capital, invested, (Frank 1998). 2.3 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN PROCUREMENT METHOD SELECTION CRITERIA Requirements of the Employer The successful of the procurement method should fulfill the requirements of the employer. The objective of the Employer should be identified. Employer would require the best design for their project and meet his requirement stated in the Employers requirement. Time should be as fast as possible for the construction period. The cost of the building should be as lower as to satisfy his requirement. The Employer would prefer to minimize the contractual risk to avoid the unnecessary trouble. Time As time is money, the duration of construction period of the project is very important. Time at large, the time spending on the planning, construction and development would affect the economic scale of the Employer. The Employer would seek for the shorter construction period to earn for the greatest profit. The time- related cost item such as the cost of site office, human resources would increase as the duration of the construction period become longer. The early release the building, the greater profit for the Employer. Quality The quality of the workmanship and the quality of material is one of the main concerns for the Employer in general. The quality of the building should meet the requirement stated in the specification of the contract. Cost The development cost, the construction cost and the operation cost are the concern of the Employer. They totally affect the profit of the Employers. The construction cost is the cost for the building construction such as material cost, plant cost, labour cost. The operation cost is the running cost for the building such as maintenance cost, management cost. The development cost is the land cost, construction cost and other all expenditure which has paid for the development. Communication One of the major reason for choosing design and build arrangement is to benefit from the good communication that can occur between the design team and the construction team (Gould, 2003). Many of the large design and build companies specialize in particular areas and have developed a smooth flow between the design and build phases of the project. This collaboration allows the project to be easily fast-tracked, cutting down on overall schedule for the project. Direct contact between the Employer and the contractor as provided a Design and Build system lines of communication and enables the contractor to adapt more promptly to the Employers needs. Integration and encouraged inherently within the system (Griffith, 1989). The Employer and contractor will communicate closely during the process of the project. Communication between them will start at the beginning stage of the project. Therefore, in design and build it provides the Employer and contractor an opportunity to interact more often and more directly than traditional contract. In general, this arrangement allows easier incorporation of changes due to scope or foreseen conditions since their coordination occurs within the same contractual entity. The Employer is less heavily involved and sits outside the direct day to day communication between designer and constructor. This keeps owner staffing to a minimum and puts the full responsibility for good communication and problem solving. Risks The Design and Build contract transfer more risks to the contractor than any other construction contract. Among a variety of risks, a contractor usually takes on many speculative risks. Risks that can vary in incidence between the parties as they wish. Speculative risks can be within or out with the control of a contractor (Turner 1990). However, the suitability of a project to the Design and build approach must be carefully undertaken by ensuring that the contractor is able, willing and has relevant experiences to control the risk satisfactorily, otherwise they may pass these back to the Employer (Hogg Morledge, 1995) Figure 2.0: Risk allocation for each type of procurement system (Hogg Morledge, 1995) 2.4 THE FACTOR AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF THE DESIGN AND BUILD 2.4.1 THE PROJECT CHARACTERISTIC Large and complex projects take longer construction durations. It is difficult to use the design and build procurement in such projects. Because it is unfair for the contractor to take risk on the material inflation on the lump sum fixed price contract. Therefore, the size and the complexity of the project should be considered. 2.4.2 THE CONTRACTOR SELECTION According to Sarah Peace and John Bennett, it is very important for the selection of the contactor to process the design and build project. From the figure shown that the design and build project in increasing because of the government is willing to use Design and Build procurement method. As the adopting design and build procurement method by the Government, there is the system for selection of the Contractor as per the Procurement Guide Lines The selecting the Contractor is not only concern the tender price, but also the quality Time, Contractors financial status, potential contractor with good reputation, manpower good record for the previous project as per the pre-qualification marking scheme of National procurement guide lines. Therefore, the contractor who meets the Employers requirement for time and quality at the best price would be selected. 2.4.3 THE EMPLOYERS REQUIREMENT The Employer should fully state their requirement, idea and specification of the workmanship in the Employers requirement. The more detail of the Employers requirement is, the fewer disputes will be occurred in the later stage. The design of the building and the standard of the building is according to the Employers requirement. The Employer should understand what he needs in the building and the idea should be fully explained in the Employers requirement. The proposal responded from the Contractor should be carefully checked by the Employers representative. Once the Employer accepts the proposal from the Contractor, the contract will be formed between them. The design of the building and the construction method will not be changed which stated in the contractors proposal. The changes by the Employer would cause the great amount of the variation. Therefore, the accepted proposal should be fully understand by the Employer which is suitable to his ideas. According to Ashley et al. (1987) identified 4 factors contributing to project success and grouped them into five areas including (1) management, organization and communication; (2) scope and planning; (3) controls; (4) environmental, economic, political and social; and 5) technical. The implications of the Employer should develop a thorough project plan in which the scope of work is clearly defined, and the contractor should understand and commit to the achievement of project objectives. The contractors capability and experience in managing Design and Build project is critical to project success and project team members commitment toward the project goals is also important. Songer and Molenaar (1997) identified 15 characteristics of successful Design and Build. They found that the top five important project characteristics were well-defined scope, shared understanding of scope, owner construction sophistication, adequate owner staffing, and establish budget. Although the Design and Build projects are expected to deliver the project faster and cheaper as compared to the traditional bid and build projects, not all the Design and Build projects can really accomplished it. Many empirical studies have been conducted to examine the impact of various project success factors such as the study of factors for a successful public sector Design and Build projects by Songer and Molenaar (1997), study on architects and builders views on Design and Build procurement method in Hong Kong by Mo and Ng (1997) and many others (Albert P.C. Chan et al., 2001). Accordingly Chan et al., (2001) has developed a series factors contributing to the success of Design and Build projects. These factors are the duties, responsibilities and capabilities of different project participants including end-users, contractor, architect and design consultants in Design and Build projects. CONCLUSION The intention of this chapter is to present an overview of the literature published on the subject of selecting the procurement method from the current construction industry; The objective of the Employer in terms of time, cost, quality and risk would be found out also. And the factor that may determine the successful of the procurement method would be identified. They are the project characteristic, the contractor selection and the employers requirement. In general, it can be summarized that Design and Build provides single point responsibility for the whole design and build. Contractors, who are responsible for the implementation of the project, have power to control all over the projects. This nonetheless does not deter the involvement of the Employer. The Employers need and requirements are always been taken into consideration, which this consequently presents uniqueness of the system. In conclusion, it is essential that whoever really want to procure Design and Build method need a thorough understanding of the types and characteristics of that kind of procurement. Therefore, benefits of Design and Build can be exploited. Many studies also showed that the characteristic of Design and Build that make Design and Build different from other procurement system in offering single point responsibility, fixed time and money, communication, allocation of risks and others. Getting success in Design and Build projects enables an assurance of getting the project completed at the right time and within allocated budget. The Design and Build procurement system has better time performance and cost benefits, which are essentially what the end-users are concerned about. This research can be a key to assessing the performance level of Design and Build projects, and the project participants can learn about the important factors for setting up an effective management system to turn Design and Build projects with excellent performance.

Free College Essays - The Motif of Magic in Rip van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

The Motif of Magic in Rip van Winkle The story of Rip van Winkle is a popular folktale of the United States. Its general motif is the magical passing of many years in what seems only a few days. Japan’s popular version of this story is Urashima Taro. In addition to the common motif, the personality of the main characters, Rip van Winkle and Urashima Taro, and plot structures are similar as well. The main characters, Rip van Winkle and Urashima Taro, in both stories are very similar. Both are simple men. One example of this is how they spend their time. For example, Urashima Taro likes to spend his days fishing, but does not really care if he catches anything, and Rip van Winkle likes to go hunting in the mountains with his dog as an excuse to get away from his duties. However, both men have social responsibilities that do not fit well with this lazy lifestyle. For example, Rip van Winkle’s short-tempered wife constantly scolds him for his lack of ambition and initiative. Taro either has a mother or a wife who depends on him for the very few fish he bothers to bring home. Although we recognize that these men are irresponsible, we sympathize with their simple desires and we understand they are very kind as well. As examples, Rip is described as a friendly and caring father and Taro saves a turtle that is being cruelly teased by a group of boys. It is easy to imagine the m as basically the same man. The first episode in both stories emphasizes these aspects of their characters and habits. The next episode involves them having experiences with magical people far away from their own communities. In one case, Rip goes hunting in the mountains and meets fairies bowling and drinking. He enjoys their company and, after drinking some magical drink, falls asleep for many, many years. In the other case, the turtle takes Taro to the Ryugu Palace at the bottom of the sea. After joining the beautiful women in a variety of fun pastimes, he too discovers that he has been gone many, many years. The third episode of both stories involves the men returning to their communities. In both cases the men find their old homes strange an very unfamiliar. They experience loneliness, isolation, and old age. These similarities of structure and character help to make the stories almost the same. Free College Essays - The Motif of Magic in Rip van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays The Motif of Magic in Rip van Winkle The story of Rip van Winkle is a popular folktale of the United States. Its general motif is the magical passing of many years in what seems only a few days. Japan’s popular version of this story is Urashima Taro. In addition to the common motif, the personality of the main characters, Rip van Winkle and Urashima Taro, and plot structures are similar as well. The main characters, Rip van Winkle and Urashima Taro, in both stories are very similar. Both are simple men. One example of this is how they spend their time. For example, Urashima Taro likes to spend his days fishing, but does not really care if he catches anything, and Rip van Winkle likes to go hunting in the mountains with his dog as an excuse to get away from his duties. However, both men have social responsibilities that do not fit well with this lazy lifestyle. For example, Rip van Winkle’s short-tempered wife constantly scolds him for his lack of ambition and initiative. Taro either has a mother or a wife who depends on him for the very few fish he bothers to bring home. Although we recognize that these men are irresponsible, we sympathize with their simple desires and we understand they are very kind as well. As examples, Rip is described as a friendly and caring father and Taro saves a turtle that is being cruelly teased by a group of boys. It is easy to imagine the m as basically the same man. The first episode in both stories emphasizes these aspects of their characters and habits. The next episode involves them having experiences with magical people far away from their own communities. In one case, Rip goes hunting in the mountains and meets fairies bowling and drinking. He enjoys their company and, after drinking some magical drink, falls asleep for many, many years. In the other case, the turtle takes Taro to the Ryugu Palace at the bottom of the sea. After joining the beautiful women in a variety of fun pastimes, he too discovers that he has been gone many, many years. The third episode of both stories involves the men returning to their communities. In both cases the men find their old homes strange an very unfamiliar. They experience loneliness, isolation, and old age. These similarities of structure and character help to make the stories almost the same.

American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revolution

American Revolution One of the most important facets of any revolution is violence. This is often a response to the heightened repression or other intolerable demands from the government against its people. The American Revolution is no exception. Following the Seven Years War, England need to recover some of their finances which were lost due to the war. Parliament achieved this by the taxation of the American colonies; the Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of this. This act resulted in outrage from the Colonies and led to rioting, rhetoric, and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress. These actions quickly led to the repel of the Stamp Act; however, there were numerous new taxes levied to take their place. The Americans continued to object strongly to these new measures and formed organized political groups such as the Committee of Corresponding and the Sons of Liberty. These groups not only demanded less severe taxes, but Colonial representation in Parliament. When England denied them representation, the Colonists decided to fight their colonizer for political freedom. Making the American Revolution the first anti-colonial, democratic revolution in history. With the battle cry of â€Å" No taxation without representation†, Americans went to war and it is from this violent uproar that the United States of America was born. The â€Å"thirteen† colonies which would later become the Unites States of America were originally colonies of Great Britain. By the time that the American Revolution took place, the citizens of these colonies were beginning to grow weary with Britain’s rule. Rebellion and discontent were rampant.. The main reason for their revolt against England was the taxation issue. The reaction against taxation was often violent and the most powerful and articulate groups in population rose against the taxation. Then in October of 1765, colonial representatives met on their own for the first time and decided to mobilize forces against their Mother country. From this point on, events reached the point of no return for the colonies. In December of 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred as a direct response to the much-hated Tea Act. In 1774, the First Continental Congress met and formed and began to raise issues which would later stimulant local organizations to end their fidelity for England. However, not everyone favored the revolutionary moveme... ... to using arms after a decade of fighting verbally, was because both sides finally became aware that force alone would decide on the issues which divided the empire. In April 1775, the battle of Lexington occurred, closely followed by the battle of Concord. â€Å"These two very important bloodshed served to evoke the sprit of the American patriotism†. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 and George Washington was elected commander of the patriotic forces. He along with several other generals would led their men for the defense of America and the freedom she stood for. By early 1776, Americans were ready to denounce any allegiance to the British crown. By spring of the same year, all royal governors had been relieved of office and replaced by America’s makeshift government. The Congress itself expressed sovereign powers. In July 1776, Congress met and adopted the Articles of Confederation. Under the articles, the central government was very weak and the states held most of the power, but it was a solid beginning. After Shay’s Rebellion, the Articles were disowned and the Federal Constitution was written, 1787. It is still the basic law of the United States of America.

Eugene O’Neill Essay

INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Origin and Development of American Literature A fundamental difference subsists between American literature and proximately all the other major literary traditions of the world: it is essentially a modern, recent and international literature. The American continent possessed major pre-Columbian civilizations, with a deep heritage of culture, mythology, ritual, chant and poetry. Many recent American writers, especially recently, have looked to these sources as something essential to American culture, and the extraordinary variety and vision to be found there contribute much to the complexity  and increasing multiethnicity of Contemporary American experience. But this is not the originating tradition of what we now call American literature. That originated from the meeting between the land and usually despised Red Indians and the discoverers and settlers who left the developed, literatre cultures of Renaissance Europe, first to explore and conquer, then to populate, what they generally considered a virgin continent – a â€Å"New World† already promised them in their own mythology, now discovered by their own talent and curiosity. Owing to the sizably voluminous immigration to Boston in the 1630s, they brought their conceptions of history and the world’s purport; they brought their languages and above all , the book. The book was both a sacred text, the Bible (to be reinvigorated in the King James Authorized Version of 1611), and a general instrument of expression, record, argument, and cultural dissemination. In time, the book became American literature, and other things they shipped with it — from European values and prospects to post-Gutenberg printing technology– shaped the lineage of American writing. So did the early records kept of the encounter and what they composed of it. Of course a past was being ravaged as well as an incipient present gained when these travelers/ settlers imposed on the North American continent and its cultures their forms of interpretation and narrative, their Christian history and iconography. This American when first came into existence out of writing – European writing – and then went on to demand a new writing which fitted the harshness and grandeur of its landscape, the mysterious potential of its seemingly boundless open space. But â€Å"America† existed in  Europe long before it was discovered, in the speculative writings of the classical, the medieval and the then the Renaissance mind. â€Å"He invented America; a very great man †. Mademoiselle Nioche says about Columbus in Henry James’ The American (1877). 1. 1. 1. Periods of American Literature The division of American literature into convenient historical segments, or â€Å"periods,† lacks the consensus among literary scholars. The many syllabi of college surveys reprinted in Reconstructing American Literature, ed. Paul Lauter (1983), and the essays in Redefining American Literary History, ed. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff and Jerry W. Ward (1990), demonstrate how variable are the temporal divisions and their names, especially since the beginning of efforts to do justice to literature written by women and by ethnic minorities. 1607-1775 : This era, from the founding of the first settlement at Jamestown to the outbreak of the American Revolution, is often called the Colonial Period, in which writings were for the most part-religious, practical, or historical. William Bradford, John Winthrop, and Cotton Mather are the notable writers. The period between 1765 and 1790 is sometimes distinguished as the Revolutionary Age. It was the time of Thomas Paine’s influential revolutionary tracts; of Thomas Jefferson’s â€Å"Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom,† â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† and many other writings. The years 1775-1828, the Early National Period, ending with the triumph of Jacksonian democracy in 1828, signalized the emergence of a national imaginative literature, including the first American stage comedy (Royall Tyler’s The Contrast, 1787), the earliest American novel (William Hill Brown’s The Power of Sympathy, 1789), and the establishment in 1815 of the first enduring American magazine, The North American Review. Washington Irving achieved international fame with his essays and stories; Charles Brockden Brown wrote distinctively American versions of the Gothic novel of mystery and terror; the career of James Fenimore Cooper, the first major American novelist, was well launched. The span 1828-1865 from the Jacksonian era to the Civil War, often identified as the Romantic Period in America, marks the full coming of age of a distinctively American literature. This period is sometimes known as the American Renaissance, the title of F. O. Matthiessen’s influential book (1941) about its outstanding writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson,  Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne; it is also sometimes called the Age of Transcendentalism, after the philosophical and literary movement, entered on Emerson, that was dominant in New England. In all the major genres except drama, writers produced works of an originality and excellence not exceeded in later American literature. Emerson, Thoreau, and the early feminist Margaret Fuller shaped the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many contemporary and later American writers. It was the age not only of continuing writings by William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, and James Fennimore Cooper,  but also of the novels and short stories of Pow, Hawthorne, Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the southern novelist William Gilmore Simms; of the poetry of Poe, John Greenleaf Whittier, Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the most innovative and influential of all American poets, Walt Whitman; And of the beginning of distinguished American criticism of Poe, Simms, and James Russell Lowell. 1865-(1914) The cataclysm of the Civil War and Reconstruction, followed by a burgeoning industrialism and urbanization in the North, profoundly altered American self-awareness, and also American literary modes. The years 1865-1900 are often known as the Realistic Period, by reference to the novels by Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James, as well as by John W. DeForest, Harold Frederic. These works, though diverse, are often labeled â€Å"realistic† in contrast to the â€Å"romances† of their predecessors in prose fiction: Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville. Some realistic authors grounded their fiction in a regional milieu; these include (in addition to Mark Twain’s novels on the Mississippi River region) Bret Harte in California, Sarah Orne Jewett in Maine, Mary Wilkins Freeman in Massachusetts, and George W. Cable and Kate Chopin in Louisiana. Chopin has become prominent as an early and major feminist novelist. Whitman continued writing poetry up to the last decade of the century, and was joined by Emily Dickinson; although only seven of Dickinson’s more than a thousand short poems were published in her lifetime, she is now recognized as one of the most distinctive and eminent of American pets. Sidney Lanier published his experiments in versification based on the meters of music; the African-American author Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote both poems and novels between 1893 and 1905; and in the 1890s Stephen Crane, although he was only  twenty-nine when he died, published short poems in free verse that anticipate the experiments of Ezra Pound and the Imagists, and wrote also the brilliantly innovative short stories and short novels hat look forward to two later narrative modes: naturalism and impressions. The years 1900-(1914) although James, Howells, and Mark Twain were still writing, and Edith Wharton was publishing her earlier novels—are sometimes discriminated as the Naturalistic Period, in recognition of the powerful although sometimes crudely wrought novels by Frank Norris, Jack  London, and Theodore Dreiser, which typically represent characters who are joint victims of their instinctual drives and of external sociological forces. (1914)- 1939. The era between the two world wars, marked by the trauma of the great economic depression beginning in 1929, was that of the emergence of what is still known as â€Å"Modern literature†, which in America reached an eminence rivaling that of the American Renaissance of the mid-nineteenth century; unlike most of the authors of that earlier period, however, the American modernists also achieved widespread international recognition and influence. Poetry magazine, founded in Chicago by Harriet Monroe in 1912, published many innovative authors. Among the notable poets were Edgar Lee Masters, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Robinson Jeffers, Marianne Moore, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and E. E. Cummings— authors who wrote in an unexampled variety of poetic modes. The literary productions of this era are often subclassified in a variety of ways. The flamboyant and pleasure-seeking 1920s are sometimes referred to as â€Å"the Jazz Age†, a title popularized by F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age (1922). The same decade was also the period of the Harlem Renaissance, which produced major writings in all the literary forms. Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of World War I, disillusioned by their war experiences and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture and its â€Å"puritanical† repressions, are often tagged ( in a term first applied by Gertrude Stein to young Frenchmen of the time) as the Lost Generation, a number of these writers became expatriates, moving either to London or to  Paris in their quest for a richer literary and artistic milieu and a freer way of life. 1939 to the Present, the Contemporary period. World War II, and especially the disillusionment with Soviet Communism consequent upon the Moscow trails for alleged treason and Stalin’s signing of the Russo-German pact with Hitler in 1939, largely ended the literary radicalism of the 1930s. A final blow to the very few writers who had maintained intellectual allegiance to Soviet Russia came in 1991 with the collapse of Russian Communism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. For several decades the New Criticism—dominated by conservative southern writers. The Agrarians, who in the 1930s had championed a return from an industrial to an agricultural economy—typified the prevailing critical tendency to isolate literature from the life of the author and from society and to conceive a work of literature, in formal terms, as an organic and autonomous entity. The eminent and influential critics Edmund Wilson and Lionel Trilling, however—as well as other critics grouped with them as the New York Intellectuals, including Philip Rahv, Alfred Kazin, Dwight McDonald, and Irving Howe—continued through the 1960s to deal with a work of literature humanistically and historically, in the context of its author’s life, temperament and social milieu and in terms of the work’s moral and imaginative qualities and its consequences for society. The 1950s, while often regarded in retrospect as a period of cultural conformity and complacency, was marked by the emergence of vigorous anti-establishment and anti-traditional literary movements: the Beat writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac; the American exemplars of the literature of the absurd; the Black Mountain Poets? Charles Olson, Robert Creeley, and Robert Duncan; and the New York Poets, Frank O’Hara, Kenneth Koch, and John Ashbery. It was also a time of confessional poetry and the literature of extreme sexual candor, marked by the emergence of Henry Miller as a notable author. The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s continued some of these modes, but in a fashion made extreme and fevered by the rebellious youth movement and the vehement and sometimes violent opposition to the war in Vietnam. Important American writers after World War II is Eudora Welty, Robert Penn Warren, Saul Bellow, R P. Warren, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee and many others. 1. 2 RISE OF AMERICAN DRAMA â€Å"In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? Or goes to an American play? † -Sydney Smith, The Edinburgh Review (1820). This was the most profoundly preconceived thought around the world before the epoch of American Drama among many literary critics as well as the literate people, half of those harsh comments were due to impediment and the remaining were sort of ill-treatment. â€Å"There is not, and there never has been, a literary institution,  which could be called the American Drama† †¢ Dion Boucicault This statement provoke very little argument from most American critics more than a hundred years later. In fact, the neglect of American drama is so pervasive that Ruby Cohn, in her history of twentieth-century drama for the Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988), begins with the observation: â€Å"Given the chokehold on drama of a misnamed Broadway, given the lure of Hollywood, and given the power of some small-minded reviewers in the daily press, it is a virtual miracle that American drama merits admission to a history of American literature†. Despite its segregation from the main corpus of American literature, American drama has never been written in a vaccum. It has mirrored peculiarly American social, political, and historical issues in traditional as well as challenging forms and experimental styles. It has been the forum for a plurality of American voices. American drama has always responded to national and regional problems, either in reifying prevailing sentiments or by challenging dominant ideologies. Like other forms of American literature, drama embodies the American struggle. For decades scholars and critics of American literature, engaged in establishing discipline with  canonical hierarchies and feeling embattled in the face of longer-lived English literary studies, have practiced generic hegemony; as a consequence, American drama historically has been the most devalued and overlooked area in American literary studies. Besides all these, there was great theatrical activity during the 19th century a time when there were no movies, TV, or Radio. Every town of any size had its theater or â€Å"opera house† in which touring companies of actors performed. However, no significant drama was performed in this century, with audiences preferring farce, melodrama, and vaudeville to serious efforts. European drama, which was to influence modern American drama profoundly, matured in the last third of 19th century with the achievements of three playwrights: Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, and Anton Chekhov. Ibsen who was profoundly influenced by psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, tackled subjects such as guilt, sexuality, and mental illness. Strindberg brought to his characterizations a unprecedented level of psychological complexity. And Chekhov shifted the subject matter of drama from wildly theatrical displays of external action and emotions to the concerns of everyday life. These trio presented characters and situations more or less realistically chiefly known as â€Å"slice-of-life† dramatic technique. Soon after the beginning of the 20th century, realism became the dominant mode of American drama. Very soon after the little theaters off Broadway succeeded with realistic plays. In 1916 and 1917, two small theater groups in New York (the Provincetown Players and the Washington Square Players) began to produce new American plays. They provided a congenial home for new American playwrights like Eugene O’Neill, whose first plays were produced by the Provincetown Players in MA. These small play groups would produce any play, in any style, that commercial theater would not touch. These groups were the beginning of modern American dramatic theater. The post- World War II years brought two important figures to prominence in American drama : Arthur Miller (((1916))-2005) and Tennessee Williams (1911-1983). They remain the dominant figures of the second half of the 20th century. Miller and Williams represent the two principal movement in modern American drama: realism, and realism combined with an attempt at something more imaginative. From the beginning, American playwrights have tried to break  away from the strict realism of Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov and to blend it with a more poetic form of expression. Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1949),Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1944) and Thornton Wilder’s Our Town (1938) are some of the best examples of this style of writing. Contemporary American Theater In the mid 19th century, realism in drama was conceived as a revolt against crude theatricalism. Currently there is a revolt against realism itself and a move toward more theatricalism, with its emphasis on stage effects and imaginative settings. Once again, American  drama is changing to reflect the changing attitudes of American theater-going audiences. Dramatists today have the freedom to express their deepest feelings, whatever they may be, in any form they choose- provided that their approach can be made comprehensible to an audience and touch their emotions. 1. 3 LIFE AND CAREER OF EUGENE O’NEILL â€Å"I was born in a hotel and, damn it, I’ll die in a hotel†- Eugene O’Neill Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (16- October- 1888 to 27- November-1953), the son of James O’Neill and Ella Quinlan was born in an up-town family hotel, named Barret House on broadway at 43, Street, New York. James O’Neill, was a successful touring actor in the last quarter of the 19th century whose most famous role was that of the Count of Monte Cristo in a stage adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas novel. Ella accompanied her husband all the times except for the birth of her first son, James Jr,. and for Eugene. His parents were ardent follower of Catholicism. Ella was exceptionally beautiful woman. She loved music and practiced a curled hand-writing. As he was born in a hotel, he spent his childhood in hotel rooms, on trains and backstage. This filled him with a sense of instability and insecurity. O’Neill later deplored the nightmare insecurity of these early years experience and blamed his father for the tragedies that happened in the life of O’Neill. â€Å"Wherever he (O’Neill) lived, the houses he bought were always big, as if their very size would ensure stability: the other side of the picture is, of course, to be seen in his restless experimentation, which ever allowed him exactly to repeat a way of writing he had once essayed. † O’Neill was educated at boarding schools such as Mt. St. Vincent in the Bronx and Betts Academy in Stamford, Conn. His summers were spent at the family’s only permanent home, a  modest house overlooking the Thames River in New London. He attended Princeton University for one year (1906-07), after which he left school to begin what he later regarded as his real education in â€Å"life experience. † The next six years very nearly ended his life. He shipped to sea, lived a derelict’s existence on the waterfronts of Buenos Aires, Liverpool, and New York City, submerged himself in alcohol, and attempted suicide. Recovering briefly at the age of 24, he held a job for a few months as a reporter and contributor to the poetry column of the New London Telegraph but soon came with tuberculosis. Confined to the Gaylord Farm Sanitarium in Wallingford for six months then he confronted himself soberly and seized the chance for what he later called his â€Å"rebirth†. O’Neill’s first efforts were awkward melodramas, but they were about people and subjects—prostitutes, derelicts, lonely sailors, God’s injustice to man—that had, up to that time, been in the province of serious novels and were not considered an apt subjects for presenting on the American Stage. In the autumn of (1914), O’Neill entered G. P. Baker’s Academy at Harvard to take lessons in playwriting, because of a theatre critic suggestion to his father. O’Neill’s first appearance as a playwright came in the summer of 1916, in the quiet fishing village of Provincetown, where a group of young writers and painters had launced an experimental theater. In their tiny, ramshackle playhouse on a wharf, they produced his one-act sea play Bound East for Cardiff. The talent inherent in the play was immediately evident to the group, which that fall formed the Playwright’s Theater in Greenwich village. Their first bill, on 03-November-1916, included Bound East for Cardiff—O’Neill’s one-act sea plays, along with a number of his lesser efforts. By the time his first full length play, Beyond the Horizon? was produced on Broadway, staged in Morosco Theater, when the young playwright already had a small reputation. In 1918 he married Agnes Boulton, and they lived for several summers at Peaked Hill, a reconditioned life-saving station near Provincetown. During the rest of the year, they lived in other places. They had two children before separating in 1827. His third wife, Carlotta Montercy, accompanied him on many long journeys, to Europe, to Asia, to the American West. They were to be frequently on the move during the rest of O’Neill’s life, and they were to experience many  painful things including the suicide of Eugene O’ Neill Jr. O’Neill’s last years were marked by physical suffering ( his hands paralysed so that he could no longer write), by increasing isolation, by family trouble and dissension. He died on 27 November, 1953. 1. 4 O’Neill’s contribution to American Drama In his own life-time, O’Neill was established as the leading American dramatist. He was awarded Pulitzer Prizes for Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, and Long Days Journey into Night ( he received the highest international recognition in the award of the  Nobel Prize in Literature; a considerable number of books and articles have been devoted to his work since the nineteen-twenties, and in recent years the sign of interest has grown markedly pronounced. His plays are quite popular in the English-speaking world. Despite some critical effort to depreciate O’Neill, he remains America’s outstanding playwright, the only one to win international fame and recognition, and the Novel Prize. He not only built up the American theatre, but also put it on the world map, where now it has a dynamic and distinguished place beside the European and continental theatre—Arthur Miller and  Tennessee Williams helping to sustain that edifice. Unlike Shakespeare, whom popular fancy depicts as a wild bird who sat on the bough and warbled his wood-notes wild, O’Neill had the theatre in his blood and made a lifelong strenuous conscious effort to achieve glory in this field and leave foot-prints on the sands of time. Also, unlike Shakespeare, O’Neill was a highly personal writer, in whose case the partions that divide autobiography and objective reality are very thin paper thin so that his dramatic works constitute a series of personal obsessions, ending up with the most personal of them all- Long Day’s Journey into Night. Full-length plays †¢BREAD AND BUTTER, (1914) †¢SERVITUDE, (1914) †¢THE PERSONAL EQUATION, (1916) †¢NOW I ASK YOU, 1916 †¢BEYOND THE HORIZON, 1918 – PULITZER PRIZE, (1920) †¢THE STRAW, (1919) †¢CHRIS CHRISTOPHERSEN, (1919) †¢GOLD, (1920) †¢ANNA CHRISTIE, (1920) – PULITZER PRIZE, (1922) †¢THE EMPEROR JONES, (1920) †¢DIFF’RENT, (1921) †¢THE FIRST MAN, (1922) †¢THE HAIRY APE, (1922) †¢THE FOUNTAIN, (1923) †¢MARCO MILLIONS, (1923–25) †¢ALL GOD’S CHILLUN GOT WINGS, (1924) †¢WELDED, (1924) †¢DESIRE UNDER THE ELMS, (1925) †¢LAZARUS LAUGHED, (1925–26) †¢THE GREAT GOD BROWN, (1926) †¢STRANGE INTERLUDE, (1928 – PULITZER PRIZE) †¢DYNAMO, (1929) †¢MOURNING BECOMES ELECTRA, (1931) †¢AH, WILDERNESS! , (1933) †¢DAYS WITHOUT END, (1933) †¢THE ICEMAN COMETH, (WRITTEN 1939, PUBLISHED 1940, FIRST PERFORMED 1946) †¢HUGHIE, WRITTEN (1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1959) †¢LONG DAY’S JOURNEY INTO NIGHT, (WRITTEN 1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1956 – PULITZER PRIZE 1957) †¢A MOON FOR THE MISBEGOTTEN, (WRITTEN 1941–1943, FIRST PERFORMED 1947) †¢A TOUCH OF THE POET, (COMPLETED IN 1942, FIRST PERFORMED 1958) †¢MORE STATELY MANSIONS, (SECOND DRAFT FOUND IN O’NEILL’S PAPERS, FIRST PERFORMED 1967) †¢THE CALMS OF CAPRICORN, (PUBLISHED IN 1983) One-act plays The Glencairn Plays, all of which feature characters on the fictional ship Glencairn—filmed together as The Long Voyage Home: †¢BOUND EAST FOR CARDIFF, ((1914)) †¢IN THE ZONE, (1917) †¢THE LONG VOYAGE HOME, (1917) †¢MOON OF THE CARIBBEES, (1918) Other one-act plays include: †¢A WIFE FOR A LIFE, (1913) †¢THE WEB, (1913) †¢THIRST, (1913) †¢RECKLESSNESS, (1913) †¢WARNINGS, (1913) †¢FOG, (1914) †¢ABORTION, (1914) †¢THE MOVIE MAN: A COMEDY, (1914) †¢THE SNIPER, (1916) †¢BEFORE BREAKFAST, (1916) †¢ILE, (1917) †¢THE ROPE, (1918) †¢SHELL SHOCK, (1918) †¢THE DREAMY KID, (1918) †¢WHERE THE CROSS IS MADE, (1918) †¢EXORCISM (1919) 1. 5 His Themes.