Cesare Lombrosos Theory of Criminal Traits

Cesare Lombrosos Theory of Criminal Traits Abstract Cesare Lombroso’s (1960) Criminal Man led to a new discipline in criminology, placing a link between physical anomalies and crime. Certain attributes were said to be the result of a biologically inferior presence which led to a life of crime (Ellwood, 1912). An observational study interpreted a number of ‘mugshots’ made up of criminals and Psychology staff from Canterbury Christ Church University. Independent t-tests revealed that there was no difference between the two groups in terms of physical characteristics and ‘criminal’ rating. These findings tie in with previous research in the field (Goring, 1972; Saladin, Zalman Breen 1988). COMPARING THE PREVALENCE OF ‘CRIMINAL TRAITS’ BETWEEN CONVICTED CRIMINALS AND PSYCHOLOGY STAFF Cesare Lombroso (2006) is best known as the founder of the discipline criminal anthropology; the study of mental and physical traits associated with the ‘born criminal’. Lombroso published Criminal Man (2006), a famous study in which he attributed criminal behaviour to ‘Atavism’, an inherited condition in which offender’s demonstrated evolutionary throwbacks to more primitive humans. According to Lombroso (2006) the criminal was fundamentally a living anomaly concerned with pathological and atavistic characteristics (Ellwood, 1912). After studying 66 deceased criminals, Lombroso (2006) compiled a list of physical features assumed to be associated with criminal behaviour. Traits included asymmetrical faces and excessive body hair. A person was thought to be a criminal if they processed 4 or more traits. Charles B. Goring (1972) subjected 37 of Lombroso’s (2006) characteristics to empirical testing and compared 2,348 London convicts with a control group of young Englishmen. Goring (1972) found little support for Lombroso’s work, instead suggesting criminal behaviour is simply an inherited lack of common sense. Support for Lombroso comes from a study by Hooton (1939), in which 13,873 male prisoners were compared with 3,023 males from a general sample. Hooton attributed criminal behaviour to biological inferiority, assigning a number of features such as sloping foreheads to criminals. Hooton was, however, criticised for his circular reasoning. Criminals were assumed to be physically mediocre and those features which distinguished criminals from others could be classified as precursors of biological inferiority. Only a small number of modern studies have tested the relationship among attractiveness and criminal behaviour. Saladin, Zalman and Breen (1988) invited students to judge the physical attractiveness of a selection of male photos. Other students assessed the same photos and judged the likelihood that those pictured would commit a crime. Those rated as less attractive were more likely to commit crime. Similar results were also found in other related studies (Cavior Howard, 1973; Kurtzberg, 1978). The current study is building upon the previous contradictory evidence, and much like Goring (1913), the study will focus upon comparing Lombroso’s (2006) original anomalies within the criminal and general population. As a result of previous evidence my hypothesis states that there will be no difference between Lombroso’s (2006) ‘criminal traits’ amongst convicted criminals and the general population. Method Design The design of the experiment consisted of independent measures as both groups were separate from each other. Participants There were 30 participants in total, 15 were Psychology staff members from Canterbury Christ Church University and the other 15 were convicted criminals. Materials and Apparatus Materials required for the experiment included the 15 criminal mugshots, 15 staff mugshots and finally a criminal characteristics coding sheet. Procedure The procedure involved going through each photo and deciding whether each person had Lombroso’s (2006) original ‘criminal characteristics’. These characteristics consisted of: asymmetric head, flattened/twisted nose, large ears, fat lips, enormous jaw, high cheekbones, narrow eyes and excessive skin wrinkles. Each photo was judged upon these criteria and whether they were present or not. The final part involved deciding whether each person was a criminal or not which was based on Lombroso’s (2006) ideas that if you perceived more than four characteristics then you were a criminal. In terms of ethical considerations the use of photos from the staff members would have required consent as well as the right to withdraw from the study at any point. Results Overall frequencies for the ‘criminal characteristics’ identified in both sets of photos are given in Table 1. This data reveals that in terms of the ‘non- symmetrical face’ and ‘twisted nose’ characteristics these were marked as being present in the staff photos (4 and 8 time respectively) more so than for the criminal photos in which they were reported 2 and 6 times. All the other traits were identified more on the criminal photos however ‘enormous jaw’ and ‘high cheekbones’ were equally coded for at 7 and 9 times. Table 2 provides data showing the frequencies of the total numbers of ‘criminal characteristics coded for in each group of photos. Both groups receive more total ratings in the middle of the scale, with the majority coded for 2 or 3 criminal traits. An independent t test yielded t(28) = .756, p > .05. The hypothesis was accepted: there was no difference between the criminal classification of ‘st aff mug shots’ and ‘criminal mug shots’. Discussion Overall there was no difference between the criminal classification of the ‘staff mugshots’ and the ‘criminal mugshots’ which replicates similar findings obtained in studies by Goring (1972) and Kurtzberg et al, (1978). This implies that Lombroso’s original ideas and theories about certain characteristics leading to criminality have been undermined by this study. The data presented in table 2 can be described as normally distributed as the ends of the scale are sparsely occupied; however the majority of participants from both groups were coded as having between 2-5 criminal traits. According to Lombrosso a criminal was said to have four or more traits, therefore based on results obtained it can be said that the distribution of seemingly ‘criminal’ characteristics is actually very normal. One limitation to this study is that it is entirely subjective as one person is judging the photos on whether they are ‘criminal’ or not bas ed on a set of perceived traits. This may lead to a lack of reliability as the same result cannot be guaranteed if the study is repeated. A further limitation concerning subjectivity is the classification of the criminal traits, for instance what constitutes as ‘enormous’ when describing the jaw or ‘excessive’ when labelling skin wrinkles. Further in depth classification is required to establish whether a particular trait is present. Although the results from this study and others suggest that Lombroso’s (2006) method of criminal profiling is out of date, it has led to the use of similar methods using information such as upbringing or substance use to establish whether a person is likely to commit a crime. References Cavior, N., Howard, L. (1973). Facial attractiveness and juvenile delinquency among black and white offenders. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1(2), 202-213. doi:10.1007/bf00916114. Ellwood, C. (1912). Lombrosos Theory of Crime. Journal Of The American Institute Of Criminal Law And Criminology, 2(5), 716. doi:10.2307/1132830. Goring, C. (1972). The English convict. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith. Hooton, E. A., (1939).Crime and the Man, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Kurtzberg, R. L. (1978). Plastic Surgery on Offenders. In N. Johnston L. Savitz (Eds.), Justice and Corrections, New York: Wiley. Lombroso, C., Gibson, M., Rafter, N. (2006). Criminal man. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Saladin, M., Zalman S., Breen, L. (1988). Perceived Attractiveness and Attributions of Criminality: What Is Beautiful Is Not Criminal,Canadian Journal of Criminology30(3), 205-215. Table 1 This table illustrates the present frequencies of each criminal characteristic as well as the total number of those classified as criminals in the ‘staff’ and ‘criminal’ mugshot categories. Face Nose Ears Lips Jaw Cheekbones Eyes Wrinkles Criminal Criminal 2 6 9 7 7 9 8 3 6 Staff 4 8 6 2 7 9 3 4 4 Table 2 Listed in this table are the total numbers of criminal traits identified for each type of mugshot, ranging between 1-6 characteristics. Number of ‘characteristics’ present after coding 123456 Criminal 045321 Staff 164220

Easyjet analysis, competitive advantage and plan Essay

Easyjet is one of the successful European ‘no frills airlines’. The airline was founded in 1995 by a Greek man called Stelios Haji-loannou. A concept that made him found the Airline was based on the fact that customers’ demand for short-haul air transport is price elastic. This can be translated to mean that when flight costs are reduced, many people fly due to the affordability of the flight prices. Easyjet has been successful because it has been able to liberate itself from traditional airline concepts. These concepts were based on the assumption that the lowering of flight costs could only lead to decrease in the economy. The traditional concepts made many airlines believe that airline traffic grows in line with the economy. Easyjet benefited from the introduction of the ‘no-nonsense’ concept and its deregulation in 1992, to the European market. (Gregory, 2000). The company has been able to woo customers from other airlines due to the low competitive prices it offers for its services. This has made the company expand and increase the size of the market it can access. As of now, the airline company provides 125 routes from 39 European airports with Geneva, Amsterdam, Luton and Liverpool operating as its base airports. As of November 2003, the company was operating seventy two aircrafts. The number now has tripled as the airline has continually increased in size. Easyjet has established goals that the company hopes will be able to attract and maintain its customers. The company’s strongest desire is to develop long lasting relationships with its customers. These goals have been incorporated into the Company’s Mission statement. These goals include: †¢ To provide customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. †¢ To effect, and provide a consistent and reliable product and fares, appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of Europe routes. (Collett, 1999) Porter’s five competitive forces have been used to effectively analyze the airline industry comprehensively. These competitive forces comprise: The threat of substitutes, the threat of new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, and finally, the rivalry among existing firms. The airline industry experiences minimal threats from other substitute modes of transport. For example, transport modes like train and car are not speed conscious. For a journey that could take an hour when using Easyjet plane, a train takes approximately 6 hours. It is also cheaper to travel on an Easyjet plane than it would cost when travelling via train. Thus, the time and cost advantage of travelling by the low-cost carriers far outweighs the increased flexibility and comforts of trains. Trains and cars cannot manage long distance international routes. Therefore the only substitute is to ravel by plane and this is where Easyjet enjoys the competitive advantage it has over its substitutes. (Porter, 1985) Easyjet was founded using a large sum of money. It was established with a loan of 5 million dollars. This being not enough, it still required 50 million dollars for expansion to meet the needs and demands of customers. The airline sector demands of new entrants to have high capital in order to start a stable business. Limited finance has been a barrier for many businesses which consider entering the industry. New entrants in the airline sector are discouraged by the limited take-offs and landing slots which make it difficult for them to find suitable airports. The low cost airline market in U. K is very mature as compared to the rest of Europe. Easyjet has been in the market for quite long till it has acquired the title of being the biggest operator in the market. This is a very comfortable position for it as it considers itself as a leader in the field. This is not all advantageous to the airlines as entering new markets in Europe may become a big problem for it. Any entrant in the low-cost market has to be ready to make a few losses before establishing itself. Hence, Easyjet has not really considered the threats of new entrants as a big problem. (Gregory, 2000) Easyjet has been affected by the powers of suppliers. Easyjet has realized that depending on one supplier or manufacture for spare could pose a risk. Boeing and Airbus are the major manufactures in the industry providing majority of commercial planes. Easyjet needs to expand more in order for it to have more powers over its manufactures and suppliers. The cost of oil and the price of aviation oil have a direct relationship and it is not in the power of Easyjet to alter this. The power of buyers within the airline industry is very strong. Airline operators have the duty of checking on prices to avoid being exploited by the consumers. Consumers are in a position to detect price discrepancies which they exploit. Due to the low switching costs experienced within the airline industry, the customers need to be loyal. The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has ensured that the airline customers are well treated and protected. Some of the ways in which CAA sides with the consumers is by, protecting customers against the consequences of travel organizer failure for people who buy package holidays. It also ensures that airlines are licensed and comply with the requirements of UK and European liability, financial, and resources legislation. Easyjet experiences rivalry from existing firms. In the UK, Easyjet has My TravelLite, Ryan air, Buzz, and BMIbaby, as its major competitors. Ryan air is Easy jet’s greatest competitor as it has shown continuous yearly profit. Future expansion plans may increase its competitors to include the: Virgin Express, Hapag Lloyd Express and Air Berlin, some of which are already competing with the airline. The other competitor that Easyjet has is the British Airways but it competes at a lower scale as it targets different market segments. (Porter, 1985) SWOT-Analysis of the Easyjet Company which reveals its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and Threats has been carried out. (Anthony, 1998). Internal analysis of the Company depict the fact that there are numerous strengths that it has enabling it to have a competitive edge over Companies in the industry. Easyjet has a strong e-business. This airline has incorporated the advanced technology and this has enabled it to offer quality services to customers. The other strength that Easyjet has is its ability to reach a wide scope of customers. This is due to many branches that exist all over the world. Research shows that this airline is expanding globally and will soon be able to have branches in all parts of the world. One aspect that is important to airlines is safety. This airline is highly reputed for safety and this has enabled customers remain loyal to it. Its up dated website enables customers to book for their flights on line. The comfort in travelling by Easyjet planes is exceptional. The airline also has got qualified personnel like the cabin crew, control assistants, flight attendants, customer care, pilots and stewards. Another strength that is found in Easyjet is its flexibility in adapting to new technology in the future. This airline is not tied to single technology. The airline has been financially successful and is part of the consortium that has been awarded to run UK’s air traffic control system (NATS). (Anthony, 1998) One of the world’s largest industries is the Air travel which in 2001 generated over $ 300 billion in revenues. In the past, business people dominated air travel but then this changed when living standards of people improved so that many people could afford air travel for leisure activities. The deregulation of the airline industry has served to increase the frequency of air travels. Easyjet contracts everything from pilots to check-in staff. The airline avoids travel agents high commissions by selling seats over a telephone reservation system. To ensure it grows in future, the airline invested 6. 6 million dollars for developing a safe, reliable and efficient air traffic system. This was meant to ensure that it has sufficient capacity in the air and on the ground. Easyjet acquired British Airways ’low-cost subsidiary GO which played a huge part in its expansion. Easyjet stands for ‘orange culture’ which means being ‘up for it’, ‘passionate’ and sharp. Easyjet has low operational costs because all bookings are done via phone and it has less cabin crew due to the absence of the business class. Easyjet has been able to recognize that Business class reduces seats from 149 to 109. (Matthias, 2005) Some of the other players in the airline industry include the: Virgin Atlantic, Ryan air and British airline. These airlines pose a healthy competition to Easyjet which it has to measure up to improve on its position in the market. These airlines have a strong brand name which makes them to have a competitive advantage over Easyjet. The name ‘Virgin Atlantic’ is quite unique and it attracts many customers to use the airline. Research shows that virgin atlantics’ airline provider is global in nature. It operates its services to Barbados, Lagos, Johannesburg, Hong Kong and London Hub. This is a great strength for this airline. (Branson, 2006). One aspect that is important to airlines is safety. This airline is highly reputed for safety and this has enabled customers remain loyal to it. The airline also has got qualified personnel like the cabin crew, control assistants, flight attendants, customer care, pilots and stewards. (Branson, 2006). The British and Ryan airlines have efficient customer service and effective policies that positively affect the overall running of the airlines. These airlines have a competitive edge over the Easyjet and Virgin Atlantic in terms of the many operation routes they have. The British airline has a high technological advancement which has greatly increased its customer base. The Virgin Atlantic has some weaknesses which affects its smooth operation in the airline industry. One of them is very evident in its prices. Virgin Atlantic airline flight charges are slightly higher than the other airlines. This makes most people who are middle class not to afford their services. Another weakness in Virgin Atlantic airline is in its departure control systems which are not really updated to the current technology. Ryan airline which is the major Easyjet competitor in the market has continually expanded and made lots of profits over the years. Thus, the airline has enough resources to cater for its consumers. It has a stable base and enjoys the comfortable position it holds in the market. Easyjet offers affordable flight prices attracting many customers to use its services. The Ryan airline and British airlines have very high operational costs. This is because they contract the services of customer agents who charge them exorbitant prices. Similarly, because they have a business class, the numbers of seats are reduced and the airline is also forced to increase the number of cabin crew it has to cater for passengers in the business class. The low flight charges of Easyjet plane are what attract customers to its services. The key element of the brand is the low price. The management uses differential pricing systems. (Michael, 1985). The cost of flight is directly related to the time one wishes to travel. Off-peak travelling and advance ticket booking is less expensive. Easyjet encourages its customers to book tickets online by giving discounts to tickets booked online. The airline company has good promotion strategies that catch the attention of many potential customers. Some of the attention catching lines that the airline uses include: ‘size matters’, and ‘the web’s favourite airline’. Most of its advertising campaigns are humorous, attention-catching and unforgettable. (Hilltop, 1994) For Easyjet to do well in future, it has to consider how it is going to handle new entrants in the market. It should decide whether it is going to create niche segments in the market for the new entrants or if it is going to compete aggressively on price, routes and services to drive the entrants out of the market. Easyjet should make strategic decisions market research on the size of different combinations of pricing and service if it intends to increase its market share over the next three years. It has to know the amount of power the competitor has over it. (Massingham, 1988). For example, the competitor’s service costs, competitor’s capacity for the various airline routes. Easyjet should target leisure travellers this is because business travellers usually seek very high quality service, frequent flights to a wide range of destinations which could translate to high operational costs and low profits. The airlines need to develop an accurate and realistic assessment of the market-niche it wants to serve. The market shares of Easyjet could increase in the next three years if it adopts CRM (Cause Related Marketing) scheme which involves selling shares in forest help programmes over its websites and supporting charity by collecting foreign currency on flights. The airline should also establish a growth plan that would see it expanding over the next three years. (Matthias, 2005) Experts have predicted that Easyjet airline is well positioned in the market and that it has excellent growth opportunities for the low-cost sector. Competition is likely to intensify because the UK market is really saturated. Therefore, marketing is very important if Easyjet wants to attract new customers as well as maintain those that it already has. Since the UK market provides very little growth opportunity, more airlines are likely to invade the continental market with new bases being established at Berlin as well as Eastern Europe. (Collett, 1999). Marketing should play a role in convincing customers that flying is the safest mode of transport. Before formulating a market plan for the airline, the political, legal, Technological, Socio-cultural, and Economic factors should be taken in to consideration. (Massingham, 1988)

Management of e-Discovery Procurement Project - 2386 Words

Table of Contents Assignment #1: e-Discovery Project Procurement Management 2 Introduction 2 Plan e-Discovery Procurements 3 Conduct e-Discovery Procurements 5 Administer e-Discovery Procurements 6 Close e-Discovery Procurements 8 Conclusion 9 References 10 Assignment #1: e-Discovery Project Procurement Management Introduction Most projects of whichever size or significance cannot be completed using 100% in-sourced resources. But Project managers must still procure their project’s resources that are not obtained in-house, and that must be done through outsourcing. To that end, the project procurement process â€Å"tries to maximize the value derived from all funds invested in the project to obtain goods and services.†¦show more content†¦With the preceding inputs the PM can then identify and document risks, risk owners and risk responses at all e-Discovery stages and include all project contributors. Identify and record all contract decisions that could present risks or opportunities during the execution of the contracts and parties that are responsible for those risk responses specific to each contract. Confirm positive market conditions, rate comparisons and local regulatory requirements. The plan began by â€Å"determining which project needs can be fulfilled internally by the project team and which can best be met externally (Marchewka, 2012, p. 382). The project team made decisions about when, how, what quantities and what sources would sustain the insourced and outsourced tasks. With this information and the results of the plan inputs, tools and techniques, either a detailed or a broadly organized project procurement management plan that includes guidance for procurements from inception to closure. The documentation would comprise the e-Discovery procurement statement of work identifying where documents should be collected, and from which custodians. 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E-procurement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page6 3.3. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 7 4. Examples†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦..Page 7 4.1. Slow implementation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 7 4.2. Fast Implementations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 8 5. 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Speech and Hearing Science - 1723 Words

The Speech and Hearing Science class taught me many things about child communication and language development. Before taking this class, I thought they language development is just a simple and natural thing to happen to people; however, I realized there can so much steps and facts involved with the language development and communication. I learned that even though every child develops their communication and language differently through different sources, every child is mainly influenced by the nature, the environment. My cousin who is married and has a baby contacted me for a help on his twenty months old son, Tam, in developing his language skills. I am more than willing to help my cousin by guiding him in helping Tam develop language skills that my cousin desires through the knowledge that I have obtained through taking this class, SHS 120. In lesson 1, I learned about the basic communication whether it is spoken, non-verbal, or signs. From these three basic communication, we com pared with the communication between animals and humans. During the discussion session, I was talking with my group members about if the ways animal communicate differs from the way that humans communicate. The debate was somewhat interesting, and we ended up concluding with that humans and animals both have similarities and differences when communicating. From the online research, the author, Gregg J. (2012) argues that humans and animals do communicate in similar ways but in differentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Speech Pathology971 Words   |  4 PagesSPEECH PATHOLOGY Many people would like to make a difference, not only in their own life, but in others’ lives as well. Deepak Chopra once said, â€Å"Everyone has a purpose in life†¦a unique gift or special talent to give to others. And when we blend this unique talent with service to others, we experience the ecstasy and exultation of our own spirit, which is the ultimate goal of all goals.† All of us, at one point in our lives, have to make the difficult decision of the goals we want to work towardsRead MoreSpeech Language And The Deaf World Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, Speech Language Pathologists and the Deaf World have had a less than amicable relationship. Audism—the belief that hearing makes an individual superior—has been prevalent throughout the entire history of the Speech Language and Hearing Sciences field. As an individual who hopes to pursue a career as an SLP in the future in order to help those with communication disorders, I e xperience a lot of cognitive dissonance about my ties with the Deaf Community. While I do not think Deaf peopleRead MoreAudiology1156 Words   |  5 PagesJob Announcement: Page 6 Audiologist Job Description: The typical job responsibilities of an audiologist are to treat the patients hearing, balance or any other ear related problems. They first examine the problem, check the results and diagnose or determine the exact problem before giving out the treatment. Audiologists also fit and prescribe hearing aid. They have records of their patients to keep track of the progress, and lastly research on things related to audiology and their patientsRead MoreThe Scientific Method Of Experimental Testing1425 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific reason. As Speech-Language Pathologist continue to administer speech and language services, it is important they adhere to the principles of science, which assists with incorporating science-based practice (SBP) into all aspects of their clinical work. Using SBP and the scientific method allows Speech-Language Pathologist to advance the use of evidence-based practice (EBP). The scientific method is important to Speech Pathologist because it is used to investigate speech and language learningRead MoreSocio Demographic Profile And Nutritional Status Of Hearing Impaired1594 Words   |  7 PagesBranch of study : SOCIAL SCIENCE Title : SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF HEARING IMPAIRED (DEAF) ADOLESCENTS Abstract Health status of a population is a significant indicator of human development. Like mortality, disability being a potential measure of health status of population has not received much attention in research particularly in the developing countries. Hearing impairment refers to both complete and partial loss of the ability to hear and researchRead More Teachers Options Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Options There are many options open to teachers of deaf children in a variety of situations. In teaching deaf and hard of hearing children there is such a wide range of children, each with their own abilities. Each child also has a different family situation to take into account. Some children come from deaf families, some they are the only deaf family member, and some have no support from their families because they are deaf. There are also students that have family members thatRead More An Overview of Selective Mutism Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesmutism† in 1983 to describe the disorder previously called â€Å"aphasia voluntaria, elective mutism, speech phobia, psychological mutism, and hearing mute† among fourteen other historic terms (Dow, Freeman, Garcia, Leonard, Miller, 2004; Kearney, 2010). The American Psychiatric Association, or APA, characterizes selective mutism by a â€Å"persistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speech is expected, des pite speaking in other situations.† Selective mutism shifted in recent years fromRead MoreWhy I Became a Speech Pathologist Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesgrandmother had a stroke which ultimately affected her speech and was in dire need of a Speech Pathologist. This is what initially sparked my interest in this field.  I was determined on working with the geriatric population because of the experience and attachment I endured with my grandmother. However, the irrefutable fact that this is my passion became evident when I started working as an Assistant Teacher at Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech. At Clarke I currently teach in a self contained classroomRead MoreSpeech Pathology And Audiology : Science Behind Our Voices1294 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s modern society advancements in the technological aspect of Speech Pathology and Audiology has begun to change the way clinicians test, treat and asses their clients. Without the science behind our voices, we only have the perception of what we hear to rely on to study them. This can be a problem because not everyone perceives sounds the same way. Instruments help set a universal understanding of speech science by providing accurate images, measurements and assessments of sounds. InRead MoreDevelopmental Receptive Language Disorder1100 Words   |  5 PagesThey can range from speech to auditory problems. Communication disorders can be very common and starting to show at an early age. Developmental Receptive Language Disorder is one of these common communication disorders. Developmental Receptive Language Disorde r can affect your comprehension and your speech. (mixed receptive-expressive language disorder.) Developmental Receptive Language Disorder is a problem where you do not understand or comprehend what you are hearing or reading.(Receptive